The Down House
Charles and Emma were married in early 1839 and
had lived on Gower Street in London until July 1842 when they found a
house about 16 miles south, in County Kent, near the village of Down.
Within the next few years the English postal authorities changed the
village’s name to “Downe”, but Darwin, and those who write about him,
retain the original spelling of “Down” when referring to the House.
Both Emma and Charles had grown up in more rural
areas in Shropshire where the air was clean and healthy in comparison
to that in London where smoke and soot hung heavy in the air. In
addition they were expecting their third child and they wanted to have
a proper home in the country where they both wished to raise their
family. At first they were going to rent the Down House but in the end
Dr. Robert Darwin purchased the home and about 18 acres of land for
2,200 pounds and they moved in on September the 14th, 1842.
The numbers on the property
represent the following: The main house (Down House) and front entrance
is on north east corner of the property (1); Emma’s flower gardens (2);
Orchard (3); Kitchen Garden (4); Great Meadow (5); Sand Walk (6); Great
Pucklands Meadow (7); and the Service Yards (8).
At first both of them recognized that the home
was not what they needed; it was square and rather small but over the
years they made several additions to the home and they grew very fond
of it. Emma had their third baby on the 23 rd of December and named her
Mary Eleanor unfortunately their new baby lived for only three weeks
and was buried in the Churchyard in the nearby village of Downe. It
must be said, that Charles was a very sensitive person and took each
family tragedy very personally and severely, often becoming ill
himself, from the emotional strain.
The Darwins both loved children and would
eventually have 10 in all; William, Anne, Mary, Henrietta, George,
Elizabeth, Francis, Leonard, Horace and Charles Waring. Seven of their
children lived to become adults and lead very productive lives. More
information about the family can be found in the section in this
website on ‘The Children of Charles and Emma Darwin.’ Emma and Charles
would spend the rest of their lives at their beloved ‘Down
House’ and while Emma and the members of the family that were
living there moved to Cambridge after his death, Emma returned nearly
every summer until she died. Charles was 73 when he died in 1882 and
Emma died in 1896 at the age of 88. They were married for 43 years and
were a loving and compatible couple – each supported the other’s views
of life and enjoyed each other’s company. Emma loved the gardens and
trees and created six gardens to the rear of the house so that they
could be seen from the drawing room. Charles became very content with
their home and surroundings at Downe and it was here that he
accomplished his prodigious scientific achievements.
The family retained the house until 1900 when it
was rented to a succession of tenants. One, Olive Willis founded a
successful Girls school there in 1907 and stayed until 1922 when it was
necessary for her to move to larger facilities. The house was
eventually purchased by Sir George Buckston Browne, in 1927 and
renovated as a National Memorial to Darwin. Browne entrusted Down House
to the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS) and
they opened it to the public on June 7 th,1929. After World War II the
care of the National Memorial was transferred to the Royal College of
Surgeons. This arrangement lasted until the late 1980’s when the
College negotiated a deal with English Heritage.
English Heritage purchased the property in 1996
and restored Down House, making it into a museum in honor to the life
and work of Charles and Emma Darwin.
When one visits Down House
today, as it has been restored by British Heritage, it is much the same
as when the Darwins made their last addition to it in 1876. The front
entry way is reminiscent of the one at Darwin’s boyhood home, at the
Mount House in Shrewsbury. The two windows to the left of the entryway
in figure 2, are located in Darwin’s old study while the two to the
right look
into what was his new study and is now the ticket office and gift shop
for the estate. The new studie and the story above it were the last
addition made by the Darwins, in 1876.
The rear-view of
the house (fig. 3) is very distinctive and is readily recognizable because it
has been used in many publications. The drawing room is to the left on
the ground floor and opens onto a covered verandah. Perhaps the most
distinctive feature is the large bay with a flat roof that reaches up
three stories, and was the first addition made on the house, by the Darwins. The dinning room is on the ground floor of this
structure while the kitchens are to the right. Entrance to the main
house from the back is through the garden door, located between the
drawing room, and the dining room.
Looking out from the drawing room across the
verandah, one can sees the flower gardens that were first created by
Emma (fig. 4) Farther along the pathway to the right are Darwin’s greenhouses (fig. 5)
where he did research on many species of vines and exotic plants.
Additional redbrick buildings were built
adjacent to the green houses to the north, and the largest one was
known as Darwin’s laboratory (fig 6). While it is uncertain what the buildings
were used for, it seems likely that the largest building was used for
detailed experiments work on plants that he is known to have studied,
such as orchids, vines and carnivorous plants.
In reality the famous Sand Walk (see fig. 1) that is known to
have been so important to Darwin’s work started at the back of the
house and continued along in front of the green houses and kitchen
gardens to the west end of the great meadow where it turned left and
disappeared into a small woods that Darwin himself had created. Darwin
has described how he would take a ‘daily constitutional walk’ along
this path while he thought about the meaning of the observations he was
making and about the ideas they generated. We can only speculate on how
important the sand walk was to the development of the Theory of
Evolution as it took shape in the consciousness of his mind over more
than 20 years.
The floor plan above (fig. 7) shows the comparative size
and relationship of the rooms on the ground floor as they appear today.
Note that the building faces northeast and after the restoration by
British Heritage the function of some of the rooms have been changed to
accommodate visitors, namely the Ticket Office and Tea Room. Darwin had
built himself a 'new study' a few years before he died and the Ticket
Office now occupies that room which is to the right of the main
entrance when you are facing the house from the front. Today the Tea Room is a pleasant place where visitors can
have lunch, however it was the Kitchen when the Darwins lived there.
The drawing room (fig. 8) looks out to the gardens and would have been
a quiet place to read, as Charles and Emma often did, sitting in
comfortable chairs in front of the fireplace. One of their favorite
authors was Charles Dickens, a contemporary of theirs who was very
popular at the time.
The piano in figure 9 belonged to Emma who was a
gifted pianist and she often played for the family and guests. The
bassoon apparently belonged to Francis and Charles made use of it in attempts
to determine if plants could 'hear' the instrument.
Charles’s old study (fig. 10), to the left of the front
entry way, is filled with examples of the objects and specimens that he
used during the 40 plus years that he and Emma lived and raised their
family here. Darwin’s favorite high-back chair can be seen in the
corner under the lamp and it is known that he wrote 'On The Origins of
Species' along with his other major publications, sitting in this
chair. A board, covered with cloth across the arms served for a desk.
Charles is depicted sitting in this chair in the statue of him in front
of Dr. Butlers school which he attended as a child in Shrewsbury.
Other items in the room include pictures of his
good friends Charles Lyell and Joseph Hooker hanging over the
fireplace, along with one of his father-in-law Josiah Wedgwood and a
Pembroke table in the foreground. The Dining room (fig. 11) is a large
light-filled room in the center of the back of the house also looking
out to the garden through the large windows in the bay.
Fig. 11 Dinning room
The Darwins were financially very comfortable
and often employed 6-8 staff members to assist with the chores around
the property. Both Emma and Charles treated their staff in a kindly
manner, which the staff appreciated. Consequently they stayed for many
years. For instance, Parslow the butler who ran the house-hold was with
them from 1839 when they were first married until he retired in 1875.
Figure 12. 2st Floor at Down House
The second floor (fig 12) of the museum (in England,
called the “first floor”) is filled with items and displays from
various periods throughout Darwin’s life including his Childhood,
Voyage on the Beagle, and the reaction to the publication of On the
Origin of Species. The third floor is not open to the public.
It is interesting to ponder the nature of
Darwin’s true legacy as we see his star rising ever higher at the
beginning of the 21 st century, as we move slowly towards his 200 th
birthday on February 12 th, 2009. It would seem that his true legacy
lies in the fact that his well-defined theory of evolution presented
humanity with an intellectually acceptable alternative to supernaturalism on the
question of ‘why biological systems in general and humans in
particular exist.’ There is no doubt that this was the reason why he
was denounced by Cardinal Manning for “relieving God of the labor of
creation” and why his friend William Whewell would not permit his book
to be included in the library at Trinity College. Notwithstanding
modern-day detractors, science has continued to move forward in the
‘almost’ 150 years since the publication of ‘On The Origin Of Species’
and today the validity of Darwin's theory of evolution by Natural
Selection rests firmly in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms
of genetics.
Sources and Further Reading:
Down House; The Home of Charles Darwin: by English Heritage.
William Calvin's Downhouse Page- http://williamcalvin.com/bookshelf/down_hse.htm
Darwin Correspondence Project - http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/Departments/Darwin/
AboutDarwin.com - http://www.aboutdarwin.com/
