Subject: Nature 4 October 2007 Volume 449 Number 7162, pp507-636

From: "Nature Alert" <[email-masked]>
Date: Wed, 03 Oct 2007 19:16:00 -0400 (EDT)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Volume 449 Number 7162 507-636

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In this issue
Editorials
Research Highlights
Journal Club
News
News in Brief
Business
News Features
Correspondence
Commentary
Books and Arts
Essays
News and Views
Articles
Letters
Technology Features
Naturejobs
Futures

Also this week
Authors
Editor's summary
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Honoring scientists in astrophysics, nanoscience and neuroscience, the Kavli Prize is accepting nominations Sept. 10 - Dec. 15. Each of three international awards includes US $1 million, with the final selection of prize recipients to be made by the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.
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Russian Science Web Focus: Sputnik and beyond

On 4 October 1957 the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1. Fifty years on, a special package of news and comment explores the current state of Russian science and celebrates the beginning of the space age.

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Editorials

Top

Time for a fresh start p507
Fifty years after the momentous launch of Sputnik, Russia has yet to find a scientific system that is anything close to meeting its twenty-first century needs.
doi:10.1038/449507a
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On the paper trail p508
The National Science Foundation's efforts to audit time-keeping could serve a useful purpose.
doi:10.1038/449508a
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Living with the heat p508
Science and politics need to engage more than ever.
doi:10.1038/449508b
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Research Highlights

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Research highlights p510
doi:10.1038/449510a
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Journal Club

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Journal club p511
Manyuan Long
doi:10.1038/449511a
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News

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Researchers criticized for poor time-keeping p512
National Science Foundation is auditing what happens in the lab — and when.
Rex Dalton
doi:10.1038/449512a
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Sidelines p514
doi:10.1038/449514a
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Water doesn't mind the gap p517
Gravity-defying liquid bridge makes a splash.
Eric Hand
doi:10.1038/449517a
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Nukes: next generation not fit for certification p517
US design for nuclear weapons meets fresh disapproval.
Geoff Brumfiel
doi:10.1038/449517b
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France lays plans for a green future p518
Broad consensus reached on environment policy.
Declan Butler
doi:10.1038/449518a
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Snapshot: Return of the geysers p519
Steam spurts again in Russian valley after landslide.
Heidi Ledford
doi:10.1038/449519a
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Cool reaction to Bush's climate summit p519
Emphasis on technology over emissions targets finds little favour.
Jeff Tollefson
doi:10.1038/449519b
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News in Brief

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White House axes risk-assessment bulletin p521
doi:10.1038/449521a
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Lack of inspection raises concerns over drug trials p521
doi:10.1038/449521b
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Climate sceptic quits over 'lack of academic freedom' p521
doi:10.1038/449521c
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Dawn mission to asteroid belt has lift-off at last p521
doi:10.1038/449521d
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Bird-flu virus can pass from mother to unborn child p521
doi:10.1038/449521e
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See-through frog offers inside information p521
doi:10.1038/449521f
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Correction

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Correction p521
doi:10.1038/449521g
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Business

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The carbon cycle ride p522
Carbon offset schemes in developing countries may be finding their feet after a rocky start, as Paroma Basu reports.
Paroma Basu
doi:10.1038/449522a
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In brief p523
Solar panels going cheap
doi:10.1038/449523a
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In brief p523
Firms form safety consortium
doi:10.1038/449523b
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In brief p523
Amyris raises $70,000,000
doi:10.1038/449523c
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Market watch p523
Colin Macilwain
doi:10.1038/449523d
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News Features

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Russian science: The battle for russia's brains p524
The Russian Academy of Sciences has resisted pressure from czarists and communists. Can it thwart the reforms planned by Putin's government? Quirin Schiermeier reports.
doi:10.1038/449524a
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Russian science: What the scientists say p528
Russian researchers, and those who have worked in Russia, share their thoughts with Nature on the problems faced by the country's scientific system — and how they could be addressed.
doi:10.1038/449528a
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Behavioural Genetics: A Question of Survival p532
International collaboration and a can-do spirit have allowed some Russian scientists to flourish. Alison Abbott watches an extraordinary field test for mutant mice in the Russian wilderness.
doi:10.1038/449532a
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Correspondence

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Biometrics: still much too unreliable for everyday use p535
David Moss
doi:10.1038/449535a
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Biometrics: easy to steal, hard to regain identity p535
Andrew Watson
doi:10.1038/449535b
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Organic synthesis remains relevant in drug discovery p535
Mukund M. Mehrotra
doi:10.1038/449535c
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Ocean-drilling vessel should soon be afloat again p535
Steve Bohlen
doi:10.1038/449535d
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Sic is not enough; historical wording should be changed p535
Sanya Samac
doi:10.1038/449535e
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Commentary

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Russian science: Breaking up is hard to do p536
Economist and former science minister Boris G. Saltykov sees opportunity for change and innovation in Russia.
doi:10.1038/449536a
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See also: Editor's summary

Books and Arts

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Russian science: A celebration of Sputnik's fiftieth birthday p538
The launch of the first satellite sparked rejoicing worldwide but frayed some nerves in the West.
William E. Burrows reviews Red Moon Rising: Sputnik and the Hidden Rivalries that Ignited the Space Age by Matthew Brzezinski
doi:10.1038/449538a
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See also: Editor's summary

Russian science: ... Also out now p539
A Ball, a Dog, and a Monkey: 1957 — The Space Race Begins by Michael D'Antonio
Epic Rivalry: The Inside Story of the Soviet and American Space Race by Von Hardesty Gene Eisman
Space: The First 50 Years by Patrick Moore H. J. P. Arnold
Von Braun: Dreamer of Space, Engineer of War by Michael J. Neufeld
After Sputnik: 50 Years of the Space Age
doi:10.1038/449539a
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See also: Editor's summary

Russian science: Earth's fearful travelling companion p539
Giovanni F. Bignami reviews The Fever of '57 directed by David Hoffman
In the Shadow of the Moon directed by David Sington
doi:10.1038/449539b
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The perpetual dance of continents p540
David Oldroyd reviews Supercontinent: Ten Billion Years in the Life of our Planet by Ted Nield
doi:10.1038/449540a
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Russian science: A dog's life p541
Laika, the doomed stray, has achieved a kind of immortality.
Martin Kemp
doi:10.1038/449541a
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See also: Editor's summary

Essays

Top

Russian science: The little ball made science bigger p542
When the Sputnik satellite went into orbit in 1957, it revolutionized the practice of international science and changed the demography of Western research.
Alexei Kojevnikov
doi:10.1038/449542a
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See also: Editor's summary

How the mighty have fallen p543
In 1957, science advisers were brought into the White House as the President's Science Advisory Committee. Its demise has deprived the US government of invaluable counsel.
Richard Garwin
doi:10.1038/449543a
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See also: Editor's summary

News and Views

Top

Neuroscience: A local route to pain relief p545
Local anaesthetics stop pain, but block all other sensations too. In rats, one molecular delivery vehicle makes an unusual local anaesthetic specific for pain — provided a little spice is added to the mix first.
Edwin W. McCleskey
doi:10.1038/449545a
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See also: Editor's summary

Atomic physics: Cold meeting at a junction p546
The Josephson effect is a macroscopic manifestation of quantum mechanics usually seen in superconductors. Observation of this effect in a gas of ultracold atoms demonstrates the underlying unity of solid and gaseous systems.
Charles A. Sackett
doi:10.1038/449546a
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See also: Editor's summary

50 & 100 Years Ago p547
doi:10.1038/449547a
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Development: Inflationary pressures p549
Blowing up a balloon seems straightforward: pump in gas and let the changing air pressure do the rest. But when it comes to blowing up nature's own balloons — lung airways — things are a little more complicated.
David Bryant and Keith Mostov
doi:10.1038/449549a
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Materials science: Colloidal crystals find new order p550
A deft colloidal templating process allows simple-cubic crystals to be formed from more readily available complex precursors. It's a promising way to produce the regular crystals much in demand for photonics.
F. Schüth and F. Marlow
doi:10.1038/449550a
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Autoimmune disease: Skin deep but complex p551
The antimicrobial peptide LL37 is essential for normal immune responses to infection or tissue injury. But in the autoimmune skin disorder psoriasis, LL37 propagates disease by forming complexes with host DNA.
Nicole Baumgarth and Charles L. Bevins
doi:10.1038/nature05893
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See also: Editor's summary

Imaging technology: Harmonic pictures in a flash p553
Making films of atomic-scale processes as they happen makes huge demands on any imaging system. One approach combines the advantages of pulsed laser harmonics and computerized image reconstruction.
John Spence
doi:10.1038/449553a
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Chemical biology: More charges against aggregation p555
Protein aggregation causes problems for biotechnology and leads to many fatal human diseases. But a grasp of the physical principles involved enables 'superproteins' to be designed that have exceptional solubilities.
Michele Vendruscolo and Christopher M. Dobson
doi:10.1038/449555a
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Correction p555
doi:10.1038/449555b
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Articles

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Mesenchymal stem cells within tumour stroma promote breast cancer metastasis p557
Engrafted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) promote breast cancer metastasis formation. Breast cancer cells induce MSCs to produce the cytokine CCL5, which then acts on breast tumour cells, enhancing their ability to migrate and extravasate blood vessel at the site of future metastases.
Antoine E. Karnoub et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06188
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense self-DNA coupled with antimicrobial peptide p564
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) produce type 1 interferon in response to viral infection and activation of endosomal Toll-like receptors. This paper shows that in psoriatic skin pDC TLR-9 is activated by an antimicrobial peptide in complex with endogenous human DNA that is released from dying cells.
Roberto Lande et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06116
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Baumgarth & Bevins

Recognition of DNA damage by the Rad4 nucleotide excision repair protein p570
A lasing effect with a single artificial atom (a Josephson-junction charge qubit) that is embedded in a superconducting resonator is demonstrated, making use of the property that such artificial atoms are strongly and controllably coupled to resonator modes. The device is essentially different from existing lasers and masers; one and the same artificial atom excited by current injection produces many photons.
Jung-Hyun Min and Nikola P. Pavletich
doi:10.1038/nature06155
Abstract | Full Text | PDF

Letters

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Fluctuating superconductivity in organic molecular metals close to the Mott transition p584
Behaviour similar to that of the 'pseudogap' regime in unconventional superconductors is reported in a family of superconducting organic molecular metals. The 'pseudogap' signature that was measured (fluctuating superconductivity above the critical temperature) is most pronounced in those samples that are close to being in a Mott insulating state, suggesting a close relationship between the two phenomena.
Moon-Sun Nam, Arzhang Ardavan, Stephen J. Blundell and John A. Schlueter
doi:10.1038/nature06182
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF

Single artificial-atom lasing p588
A lasing effect with a single artificial atom (a Josephson-junction charge qubit) that is embedded in a superconducting resonator is demonstrated, making use of the property that such artificial atoms are strongly and controllably coupled to resonator modes. The device is essentially different from existing lasers and masers; one and the same artificial atom excited by current injection produces many photons.
O. Astafiev et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06141
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF

Persistence of full glacial conditions in the central Pacific until 15,000 years ago p591
Glacial moraines (rocky deposits left behind by glaciers) on Mauna Kea volcano, Hawaii are dated to reveal the timing of glacier retreat during the last deglaciation, and a model of glacier extent is used to estimate the temperature changes associated with this retreat. It is found that temperatures at high elevations in the central Pacific were about seven degrees Celsius colder than today during the Last Glacial Maximum, which indicates that the lapse rate was higher than at present.
P.-H. Blard et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06142
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

An epipodite-bearing crown-group crustacean from the Lower Cambrian p595
Fossils of 'eucrustacea' (crustaceans of modern aspect) are common in the fossil record from around 500 million years ago. A remarkable new 'Orsten' type Konservat-Lagerstäette from the Lower Cambrian of China reveals the earliest known eucrustacean in exquisite three-dimensional detail, significantly extending the fossil record of this important group.
Xi-guang Zhang, David J. Siveter, Dieter Waloszek and Andreas Maas
doi:10.1038/nature06138
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Reconciling complexity with stability in naturally assembling food webs p599
This paper explores how non-random patterns in the strengths of the interactions between predators and prey are related to stability in naturally assembling communities.
Anje-Margriet Neutel et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06154
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Light adaptation in cone vision involves switching between receptor and post-receptor sites p603
Humans can see in conditions from darkened cinemas to bright sun because cone photoreceptors adapt their mean output to the current light conditions; here, a second site of adaptation is identified, in the retina between the cone bipolar cells and ganglion cells. The two adaptation mechanisms are complementary with cone adaptation occurring at higher light levels and together they extend the operating range of human vision.
Felice A. Dunn, Martin J. Lankheet and Fred Rieke
doi:10.1038/nature06150
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Inhibition of nociceptors by TRPV1-mediated entry of impermeant sodium channel blockers p607
A drawback of most local anaesthetics is their non-specific action. Their lipophilic nature permits them access to any neuron, where they indiscriminately block sodium channels in the membrane. A membrane-impermeant sodium channel blocker, QX-314, can be targeted to pain-sensing neurons. The authors exploited the specific expression of TRPV1 channels in pain-sensing neurons, the opening of which by capsaicin allows QX-314 access to the inside of the cell.
Alexander M. Binshtok, Bruce P. Bean and Clifford J. Woolf
doi:10.1038/nature06191
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by McCleskey

Snapshots of nuclear pore complexes in action captured by cryo-electron tomography p611
The structure of the nuclear pore complexes in intact nuclei is studied by cryoelectron tomography. The trajectory of cargo molecules was traced used gold-labelled proteins fused to a nuclear localization signal. Superimposition of multiple tomograms has yielded a map outlining the pathway of cargo molecules during import into the nucleus.
Martin Beck et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06170
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF

Crystal structure of T4 endonuclease VII resolving a Holliday junction p616
During DNA recombination, two DNA molecules become covalently linked in a four-way structure known as a Holliday junction, which stay connected until the structure is dissolved by the protein resolvase. Although structures of a naked Holliday junction have been obtained, it has been difficult to solve the structure of resolvase sitting in a Holliday junction. This is one of two papers that use two different phage resolvases to solve the structure of resolvase sitting in a Holliday junction.
Christian Biertümpfel, Wei Yang and Dietrich Suck
doi:10.1038/nature06152
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

The structural basis of Holliday junction resolution by T7 endonuclease I p621
During DNA recombination, two DNA molecules become covalently linked in a four-way structure known as a Holliday junction, which stays connected until the structure is dissolved by the protein resolvase. Although structures of a naked Holliday junction have been obtained, it has been difficult to solve the structure of resolvase sitting in a Holliday junction. This is one of two papers that use two different phage resolvases to solve the structure of resolvase sitting in a Holliday junction.
Jonathan M. Hadden et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06158
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Technology Features

Top

Genomics: The personal side of genomics p627
Innovations in DNA sequencing and genotyping are opening doors for personal genomics. Nathan Blow explores these technological advances and their implications.
Nathan Blow
doi:10.1038/449627a
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Genomics: Being Well Informed p627
doi:10.1038/449627b
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Genomics: Truth and accuracy p628
doi:10.1038/449628a
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Genomics: Chipping out our differences p629
doi:10.1038/449629a
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Genomics: Table of suppliers p631
doi:10.1038/449631a
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Naturejobs

Top

Prospects
Prospects p633
Career planning requires a good bit of introspection.
Paul Smaglik
doi:10.1038/nj7162-633a
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Correction p633
doi:10.1038/nj7162-633b
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Ren Wang, director, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Washington DC p634
Ren Wang has big ideas for his new post.
Virginia Gewin
doi:10.1038/nj7162-634a
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Careers on the move p634
How important is mobility for young European scientists?
Emilia Danilowicz
doi:10.1038/nj7162-634b
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Small advantages p634
As I search for the ideal job, I wonder if working at a small private college could be the right fit.
Moira Sheehan
doi:10.1038/nj7162-634c
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Futures

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ARGUS blinked p636
You're being watched.
Paul Di Filippo
doi:10.1038/449636a
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See also: Editor's summary

Advance Online Publication

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3 October 2007
LETTERS
Architectural and mechanistic insights into an EHD ATPase involved in membrane remodelling
Oliver Daumke, Richard Lundmark, Yvonne Vallis, Sascha Martens, P. Jonathan G. Butler & Harvey T. McMahon
doi:10.1038/nature06173
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

Regulation of cell cycle progression and gene expression by H2A deubiquitination
Heui-Yun Joo et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06256
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

30 September 2007
LETTERS
Phagocyte-derived catecholamines enhance acute inflammatory injury
Michael A. Flierl et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06185
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

Neanderthals in central Asia and Siberia
Johannes Krause et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06193
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

A translocation signal for delivery of oomycete effector proteins into host plant cells
Stephen C. Whisson et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06203
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

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| Assistant Professor (Tenure-Track) | | University of Arizona | | Tucson, Arizona
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| Professor AND Associate Professor | | Kyushu Institute of Technology | | Fukuoka, Japan
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