Subject: Nature 20 September 2007 Volume 449 Number 7160, pp259-376

From: "Nature Alert"<[email-masked]>
Date: Wed, 19 Sep 2007 15:29:22 -0400 (EDT)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Volume 449 Number 7160 259-376

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In this issue
Editorials
Research Highlights
Journal Club
News
Correction
News in Brief
Business
News Features
Correspondence
Books and Arts
News and Views
Articles
Letters
Naturejobs
Futures

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Authors
Editor's summary
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Editorials

Top

Epo, by any other name p259
Regulators must be given ways to approve follow-on 'biosimilars' when proteins fall out of patent if the fruits of molecular biology are to have the greatest possible effect on health care.
doi:10.1038/449259a
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Regulatory failures p259
Outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease have revealed unacceptable shortcomings in UK regulation.
doi:10.1038/449259b
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Drill often, drill deep p260
Splice the mainbrace: the greatest scientific ocean-drilling vessel ever built is going to sea.
doi:10.1038/449260a
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Research Highlights

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Research highlights p262
doi:10.1038/449262a
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Journal Club

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Journal club p263
doi:10.1038/449263a
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News

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Fusion project faces axe p264
Princeton stellarator threatened with closure
Geoff Brumfiel
doi:10.1038/449264a
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Florida courts German life-sciences institute p264
Max Planck lab goes Stateside
Erika Check
doi:10.1038/449264b
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Sidelines p265
doi:10.1038/449265a
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Debt collectors channel cash to corals p266
National debt excused for reef protection
Ewen Callaway
doi:10.1038/449266a
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Malaria research should go 'back to basics' p266
Too many ineffectual vaccines threaten vital work
Ewen Callaway
doi:10.1038/449266b
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Snapshot: Beneath the skin p267
Alison Abbott
doi:10.1038/449267a
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Arctic melt opens Northwest passage p267
Record low for se-ice retreat
Daniel Cressey
doi:10.1038/449267b
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Opiates for the masses p268
Afghanistan produces almost all of the world's illegal opiates. Should it eradicate the poppy trade or experiment with legalizing it to make painkillers for the developing world? Katharine Sanderson reports.
Katharine Sanderson
doi:10.1038/449268a
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Worse quake to come, Indonesia warned p270
A series of earthquakes might not have reached its peak
David Cyranoski
doi:10.1038/449270a
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Gene therapy might not have caused patient's death p270
Case was complicated by immunosuppressant drug regime
Meredith Wadman
doi:10.1038/449270b
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Correction

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Correction p270
doi:10.1038/449270c
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News in Brief

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Japan names institutes in search for global excellence p271
doi:10.1038/449271a
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California gets Australia's top stem-cell scientist p271
doi:10.1038/449271b
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Judge backs US states' bid to curb exhaust emissions p271
doi:10.1038/449271c
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Climate-change science programme 'lacks impact' p271
doi:10.1038/449271d
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Fly to the Moon and land $20 million, urges Google p271
doi:10.1038/449271e
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NASA photos are used in court case over divine bridge p271
doi:10.1038/449271f
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Business

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The shipping forecast p272
Although cargo vessels are currently spared emissions restrictions, the industry is planning ahead. Kurt Kleiner looks at the ideas being floated to improve energy efficiency on the high seas.
Kurt Kleiner
doi:10.1038/449272a
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In brief p273
doi:10.1038/449273a
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Market watch p273
Emma Marris
doi:10.1038/449273b
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News Features

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Biotechs go generic: The Same but Different p274
As several lucrative protein-based drugs are poised to go off patent, makers of biopharmaceuticals argue that their products are too complex to be reproduced as generics. Heidi Ledford investigates how close 'biosimilar' drugs can get to the original.
doi:10.1038/449274a
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See also: Editor's summary

Ocean drilling: In the zone p278
The world's biggest, best-equipped research drilling vessel is about to set off on its first scientific voyage. David Cyranoski previews its quest to catch a formidable earthquake in the act.
doi:10.1038/449278a
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See also: Editor's summary

Correspondence

Top

Doping destroys the story at the heart of cycling p281
Steven Riley
doi:10.1038/449281a
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Doping: drugs misused for sports put athletes at risk p281
Piero Dolara
doi:10.1038/449281b
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Life on Mars may be hidden like Earth's extremophiles p281
Samuel Kounaves
doi:10.1038/449281c
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Turning up the heat on scientific accuracy p281
Alexandros Kiupakis
doi:10.1038/449281d
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Olduvai fossils need more than one research team p281
Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo, Audax Mabulla and Henry Bunn
doi:10.1038/449281e
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Books and Arts

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Real science on show p283
The revamped museum at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology will offer the public access to science in action, as more museums should, argues director John Durant.
John Durant
doi:10.1038/449283a
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See also: Editor's summary

Earth's green heroes p284
Richard Fortey reviews Eating the Sun: How Plants Power the Planet by Oliver Morton
doi:10.1038/449284a
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Science and the Supreme Court p285
Henry T. Greely reviews The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court by Jeffrey Toobin
doi:10.1038/449285a
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The real 'theory of everything' p286
Mark Haw reviews Four Laws that Drive the Universe by Peter Atkins
doi:10.1038/449286a
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News and Views

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Computing: The wireless epidemic p287
As wireless communication technologies spread, so the potential for viruses to exploit them grows. Biological models of virus transmission will assume new relevance for assessing the emerging threat.
Jon Kleinberg
doi:10.1038/449287a
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See also: Editor's summary

Ageing: From stem to stern p288
Immortality is the stuff of myth and legend, but lifespan extension is the subject of serious scientific inquiry. Exploring the causes and effects of ageing in stem cells should aid this quest.
Anne Brunet and Thomas A. Rando
doi:10.1038/449288a
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Palaeoanthropology: Homing in on early Homo p291
Newly described fossils from Georgia in Eurasia and from Kenya shed more light on the earliest members of the genus Homo. These finds indicate that there was considerable variability in their size and shape.
Daniel E. Lieberman
doi:10.1038/449291a
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See also: Editor's summary

Catalysis: Raising the gold standard p292
Gold is the current star of metal catalysis, but most gold catalysts cannot control which mirror-image version of a molecule forms during a reaction. The answer lies with the positive catalyst's negative counter-ion.
A. Stephen K. Hashmi
doi:10.1038/449292a
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Structural biology: Unexpected opening p293
Cell membranes contain channels that open to allow ions into cells. The structure of a sodium ion channel helps explain how it opens in response to protons, and settles a long-standing debate about its composition.
Cecilia M. Canessa
doi:10.1038/449293a
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See also: Editor's summary

Geochemistry: Earth holds its breath p294
Some inert-gas isotopes in Earth's atmosphere can only have come from deep inside the planet. We thought we knew how much gas Earth gives up, and how it does it — but a challenge has emerged to the prevailing model.
Chris J. Ballentine
doi:10.1038/449294a
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See also: Editor's summary

Condensed-matter physics: Relaxation after a tight squeeze p296
Are the rules that determine relaxation to equilibrium the same in the classical and quantum worlds? Recent experiments supported the idea that they are — but an investigation with ultracold atoms now contradicts that.
Ehud Altman and Eugene Demler
doi:10.1038/449296a
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Fertilization: Calcium's double punch p297
Fertilization promotes a calcium surge necessary to ensure the success of embryonic development. It seems that calcium activates apparently opposite molecular signalling pathways to achieve that end.
Catherine Jessus and Olivier Haccard
doi:10.1038/449297a
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See also: Editor's summary

Articles

Top

40Ar retention in the terrestrial planets p299
It is thought that the abundance of 40Ar in the atmosphere represents the time-integrated loss of gases from the interior through partial melting in the mantle followed by melt ascent to the surface and gas exsolution. But data now presented reveal two major difficulties with this simple magmatic degassing scenario: that argon is compatible in the major phases of the terrestrial planets and that argon diffusion in these phases is slow at upper-mantle conditions.
E. Bruce Watson, Jay B. Thomas and Daniele J. Cherniak
doi:10.1038/nature06144
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Ballentine

Postcranial evidence from early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia p305
The primitive hominins from Dmanisi in the Republic of Georgia are often thought to be akin to Homo erectus and are arguably the earliest known members of the human family outside Africa. This conclusion has come, so far, from the presentation of postcranial material: now a partial skeleton of an adolescent individual associated with a skull, and remains from three adult individuals, suggest that the Dmanisi hominids are even more primitive than that, akin to Homo habilis.
David Lordkipanidze et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06134
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Lieberman

Structural insight into filament formation by mammalian septins p311
This paper reports the first crystal and electron microscopy structure of an individual septin and a heteromeric complex as well as linear septin filaments. The structure reveals that the G domain, which is conserved amongst all septins, serves as a universal building block for formation of a polymer. This domain interacts with other septins via conserved residues.
Minhajuddin Sirajuddin et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06052
Abstract | Full Text | PDF

Structure of acid-sensing ion channel 1 at 1.9 Å resolution and low pH p316
Acid-sensing ion channels belong to a large family of ion channels, the diverse functions of which range from sodium absorption to mechanosensitivity; however, the structure of this class of proteins is unknown. Here, the high-resolution crystal structure of chicken ASIC1 in the closed state is reported, and of note is the trimeric architecture and the appealing mechanism of proton-gating proposed.
Jayasankar Jasti, Hiroyasu Furukawa, Eric B. Gonzales and Eric Gouaux
doi:10.1038/nature06163
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Canessa

Letters

Top

Non-equilibrium coherence dynamics in one-dimensional Bose gases p324
This paper reports a direct experimental study of the coherence dynamics in both isolated and coupled degenerate one-dimensional (1D) Bose gases. Completely isolated 1D Bose gases exhibit coherence decay in excellent agreement with recent predictions. The coherence of two coupled 1D Bose gases decays to a finite value, analogous to the phase locking of two lasers by injection.
S. Hofferberth et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06149
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: News and Views by Altman & Demler

Generating single microwave photons in a circuit p328
An on-chip, on-demand efficient source of single microwave photons that can be used for processing quantum information in a circuit of superconducting qubits is demonstrated. The single photon source is an important addition to a rapidly growing toolbox for quantum optics on a chip.
A. A. Houck et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06126
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Increased terrestrial methane cycling at the Palaeocene–Eocene thermal maximum p332
It has been suggested that high-latitude methane emissions from terrestrial environments could have enhanced a period of global warming about 55 million years ago. A decrease in the carbon isotope values of hopanoids (a biomarker derived from bacteria) at the onset of the warm period is reported, which suggests an increase in methanotroph populations . This could reflect an increase in methane production and release from the terrestrial biosphere, which could have acted as a positive feedback mechanism in global warming.
Richard D. Pancost et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06012
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Calcineurin is required to release Xenopus egg extracts from meiotic M phase p336
One of two papers that identify a new pathway by which calcium triggers oocyte fertilization. Previous work has shown a critical role for the calcium-regulated kinase CaMKII. But new work from the Ohsumi and Hunt laboratories shows that, in parallel, calcium-mediated transient activation of a phosphatase, calcineurin, is needed to release oocytes from a cell cycle arrest after fertilization. The Hunt group also identifies a second wave of phosphatase activity that acts in mitosis.
Satoru Mochida and Tim Hunt
doi:10.1038/nature06121
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Jessus & Haccard

Transient activation of calcineurin is essential to initiate embryonic development in Xenopus laevis p341
One of two papers that identify a new pathway by which calcium triggers oocyte fertilization. Previous work has shown a critical role for the calcium-regulated kinase CaMKII. But new work from the Ohsumi and Hunt laboratories shows that in parallel, calcium-mediated transient activation of a phosphatase, calcineurin, is needed to release oocytes from a cell cycle arrest after fertilization.
Tomoko Nishiyama, Norio Yoshizaki, Takeo Kishimoto and Keita Ohsumi
doi:10.1038/nature06136
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Jessus & Haccard

Generation of functional multipotent adult stem cells from GPR125+ germline progenitors p346
Adult stem cells are an ethically attractive alternative to embryonic stem cells for obtaining tissues for therapeutic purposes. However, no standardized methods exist to obtain such cells reliably from adults, and then convert them into different tissues. However, a system has been developed to generate large numbers of stem cells from the adult testicle, based on the presence of a novel marker (GPR125), specifically on the stem cell surface.
Marco Seandel et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06129
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Differential Notch signalling distinguishes neural stem cells from intermediate progenitors p351
Two populations of cells from the telencephalic ventricular zone of the developing brain, the neural stem cells and neuroblasts, display differences in Notch signalling and could be sorted prospectively on the basis of this heterogeneity.
Ken-ichi Mizutani et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06090
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

ZEITLUPE is a circadian photoreceptor stabilized by GIGANTEA in blue light p356
In Aradopsis, rhythmic expression of the F–box protein, ZEITLUPE (ZTL), is necessary to sustain a normal circadian period, but the mechanism of this oscillation is unknown. GIGANTEA (GI), a protein previously implicated in the circadian clock, but with unknown molecular function, is essential to establish and sustain oscillations of ZTL by direct protein–protein interactions. Furthermore, this stabilization is modulated by light through the N–terminal flavin–binding LIGHT, OXYGEN OR VOLTAGE (LOV) domain of ZTL.
Woe-Yeon Kim et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06132
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF

Loss of integrin αvβ8 on dendritic cells causes autoimmunity and colitis in mice p361
It is shown that mice deficient for β8 integrin develop colitis, and that β8 needs to be expressed by dendritic cells rather than T cells for colitis to develop. In addition, a decrease of T cells in the gut but not adjacent lymph nodes in diseased animals is shown. It is concluded that αVβ8-mediated integrin activation of dendritic cells is essential for prevention of colitis-inducing immune dysfunction.
Mark A. Travis et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06110
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Insulin modulates gluconeogenesis by inhibition of the coactivator TORC2 p366
Insulin inhibits expression of gluconeogenic genes by promoting the phosphorylation and ubiquitin-dependent degradation of the CREB coactivator TORC2. The signalling pathway involves the kinase SIK2 and the E3 ligase COP1.
Renaud Dentin et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06128
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Naturejobs

Top

Prospect
Prospects p371
Starter hubs Florida and Arizona try to play catch-up with more established science hotspots.
Gene Russo
doi:10.1038/nj7160-371a
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Region
Raising Arizona p372
Local governments aim to build a scientific oasis in the Arizona desert.
Gene Russo
doi:10.1038/nj7160-372a
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Shinya Yamanaka, L.K. Whittier Foundation Investigator, Gladstone Institute, San Francisco p374
Rising Japanese stem-cell star returns to the US, seeking interaction and independence.
Monya Baker
doi:10.1038/nj7160-374a
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Nurturing physician-scientists p374
Physician-scientists seek more training and research options.
Albert Luo
doi:10.1038/nj7160-374b
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Surviving public speaking p374
Postdoc confronts stage 'flight-or-fight'.
Maria Thelma Ocampo-Hafalla
doi:10.1038/nj7160-374c
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Futures

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Only in your dreams p376
It's a wonderful life.
Arran Frood
doi:10.1038/449376a
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Advance Online Publication

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19 September 2007
ARTICLE
Recognition of DNA damage by the Rad4 nucleotide excision repair protein
Jung-Hyun Min & Nikola P. Pavletich
doi:10.1038/nature06155
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

LETTER
Anaerobic oxidation of short-chain hydrocarbons by marine sulphate-reducing bacteria
Olaf Kniemeyer et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06200
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

16 September 2007
ARTICLE
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense self-DNA coupled with antimicrobial peptide
Roberto Lande et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06116
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

LETTERS
Crystal structure of T4 endonuclease VII resolving a Holliday junction
Christian Biertümpfel, Wei Yang & Dietrich Suck
doi:10.1038/nature06152
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

The structural basis of Holliday junction resolution by T7 endonuclease I
Jonathan M. Hadden, Anne-Cécile Déclais, Stephen B. Carr, David M. J. Lilley & Simon E. V. Phillips
doi:10.1038/nature06158
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

Genetic variation in a human odorant receptor alters odour perception
Andreas Keller, Hanyi Zhuang, Qiuyi Chi, Leslie B. Vosshall & Hiroaki Matsunami
doi:10.1038/nature06162
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

NEWS AND VIEWS
Autoimmune disease: Skin deep but complex
Nicole Baumgarth & Charles L. Bevins
doi:10.1038/nature05893
Full Text | PDF

Nature Publishing Group and The New York Academy of Sciences are pleased to announce: Nature Chemical Biology Symposium: Chemical Neurobiology
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The 2008 symposium will explore how chemists and biologists are using the tools and philosophy of chemical biology to understand the molecular basis of neuronal function.
For programme and registration details visit: www.nature.com/natureconferences/nchembio2008

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| | Laboratory Assistant (Research Clinical Technician) | | University of Miami | | Miami, FL 33010 United States |
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| Lab Technician - New Graduate | | KSR | | Ontario, Canada
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| PhD Studentship Materials | | University of Edinburgh | | Edinburgh, UK
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| Postdoctoral Associate - Signaling Mechanisms in Embryos | | Burnham Institute for Medical Research | | San Diego
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| 2 Research Scientists | | KSR | | Tayside, Scotland, United Kingdom
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| Institute Director | | University of Minnesota | | Minnesota United States
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