Subject: Nature 10 May 2007 Volume 447 Number 7141, pp115-230

From: "Nature Alert"<[email-masked]>
Date: Wed, 09 May 2007 14:43:50 -0400 (EDT)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Volume 447 Number 7141 pp115-230

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In this issue
Editorials
Research Highlights
News
Column
Business
News Features
Correspondence
Commentary
Books and Arts
Essay
News and Views
Feature
Articles
Letters

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Authors
Editor's summary
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The Opossum genome

Marsupials have been studied by biologists for years to discover what they can tell us about ancient mammals. The first marsupial genome has been sequenced and analysed from a tiny opossum named Monodelphis domestica. This Nature web focus presents the original research, and an archive of marsupial genetics and genomics.

Access the web focus free online.

Editorials

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A clear direction p115
The process established by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has generated a sound foundation of knowledge on which policy-makers must now build.
10.1038/447115a
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Starting at the top p115
Scientific élites retain a severe gender imbalance.
10.1038/447115b
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Under the microscope p116
The use of 'black box' techniques carries risks.
10.1038/447116a
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Research Highlights

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Research highlights p118
10.1038/447118a
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News

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Climate panel offers grounds for optimism p120
The cost of fighting global warming may not be as high as feared.
Michael Hopkin
10.1038/447120a
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See also: Editor's summary

A clash of cosmologies p122
Is too much physics bad for astronomy?
Geoff Brumfiel
10.1038/447122a
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Snapshot: Ghosts of destruction p123
Satellite images reveal shrimp trawlers' turbulent trails.
10.1038/447123a
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Seven-year grant offers immune tolerance a boost p125
NIH gives initiative $220 million.
Erika Check
10.1038/447125a
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Sidelines p125
10.1038/447125b
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Wind farms' deadly reputation hard to shift p126
Cats far more lethal than turbines.
Emma Marris and Daemon Fairless
10.1038/447126a
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Microbe meeting promotes habitat conservation p127
Microorganisms deemed less important than their environment.
Helen Pearson
10.1038/447127a
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Column

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Party of One
Misspent energy p130
US politicians are pushing to create an advanced research agency to tackle the energy challenges the nation faces. David Goldston explores why the current proposition may be ill-prepared for the task.
David Goldston
10.1038/447130a
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Business

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Cheap at any price? p131
As AstraZeneca shells out $15 billion for a mid-sized US biotech firm, Heidi Ledford reports on the startling cost of staying in the drugs business.
10.1038/447131a
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News Features

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Climate change: Is this what it takes to save the world? p132
Long marginalized as a dubious idea, altering the climate through 'geoengineering' has staged something of a comeback. Oliver Morton reports.
10.1038/447132a
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See also: Editor's summary

The good, the bad and the ugly p138
Imaging fluorescent molecules in live cells is revolutionizing cell biology. But a pretty image is not necessarily a good one, and many biologists are learning this the hard way, finds Helen Pearson.
10.1038/447138a
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See also: Editor's summary

Chemistry: Teetering on the edge p141
Why do chemists make compounds that could blow up in their faces? Emma Marris finds out... from a safe distance.
10.1038/447141a
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Correspondence

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Structured digital abstract makes text mining easy p142
Mark Gerstein, Michael Seringhaus and Stanley Fields
10.1038/447142a
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Human reference sequence makes sense of names p142
Douglas L. Crawford
10.1038/447142b
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Codes must be updated so that names are known to all p142
Quentin D. Wheeler and Frank T. Krell
10.1038/447142c
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Commentary

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A handful of carbon p143
Locking carbon up in soil makes more sense than storing it in plants and trees that eventually decompose, argues Johannes Lehmann. Can this idea work on a large scale?
10.1038/447143a
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See also: Editor's summary

Books and Arts

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Plugged into the matrix p145
The rise and potential fall of the US electricity grid.
Paul M. Grant reviews The Grid: A Journey Through the Heart of Our Electrified World by Phillip F. Schewe
10.1038/447145a
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The stem-cell story p146
Justine Burley reviews Stem Cell Now: A Brief Introduction to the Coming Medical Revolution by Christopher Thomas Scott
Cell of Cells: The Global Race to Capture and Control the Stem Cell by Cynthia Fox
Stem Cell Wars: Inside Stories from the Frontlines by Eve Herold
10.1038/447146a
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Flight of the dinosaur p147
Angela Milner reviews Glorified Dinosaurs: The Origin and Early Evolution of Birds by Luis Chiappe
10.1038/447147a
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See also: Editor's summary

Science in culture p148
An exhibition in London explores the art of blending into the background.
David M. Wilkinson reviews Camouflage by Tim Newark
10.1038/447148a
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Essay

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Kinds of minds p149
Do differences in history, culture and education influence whether scientists focus on pieces and particulars, or make broad connections?
David Knight
10.1038/447149a
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News and Views

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Behavioural neuroscience: Down memory lane p151
In mice, two treatments — environmental enrichment and a chemical that regulates gene expression — boost new memory formation and restore the recall of old memories that seemed to have been lost.
J. David Sweatt
10.1038/nature05716
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Organic chemistry: Radical catalysis p152
The domination of metals in catalysis is under threat as organic catalysts gain ground. The latest example may expand chemical reactivity beyond the achievements of traditional metal complexes.
Santanu Mukherjee and Benjamin List
10.1038/447152a
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Developmental biology: A chordate with a difference p153
Molecular studies of tunicate development show that genetic programmes for early embryonic patterning can change radically during evolution, without completely disrupting the basic chordate body plan.
Linda Z. Holland
10.1038/447153a
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50 & 100 Years Ago p154
10.1038/447154a
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Extrasolar planets: Remote climes p155
A distant planet traversing its orbit shows variations in its infrared brightness, providing the first map of its climate. These variations paint a picture of a dynamic world, with efficient redistribution of stellar heat.
Adam Burrows
10.1038/447155a
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See also: Editor's summary

Biochemistry: The big catch p156
The availability of short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to silence gene expression has revolutionized research in molecular cell biology. But these synthetic siRNAs rely on cellular enzymes for their activity.
Christopher R. Trotta
10.1038/447156a
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Condensed-matter physics: Let's twist again p157
The spins of a layer of manganese atoms on a tungsten surface form a spiral pattern with a unique turning sense. Such 'chiral magnetic order' might exist in other, similar contexts, and could have many useful applications.
Christian Pfleiderer and Ulrich K. Rößler
10.1038/447157a
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See also: Editor's summary

Visual perception: A gloss on surface properties p158
Humans perceive the properties of a surface by interpreting visual input. When estimating gloss and lightness, it seems that neural discrimination of simple image statistics plays a large part.
Michael S. Landy
10.1038/nature05714
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See also: Editor's summary

Obituary: Ransom Aldrich Myers (1952–2007) p160
Chronicler of declining fish populations.
Daniel Pauly
10.1038/447160a
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Feature

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Completing the map of human genetic variation p161
A plan to identify and integrate normal structural variation into the human genome sequence.
10.1038/447161a
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See also: Editor's summary

Articles

Top

Genome of the marsupial Monodelphis domestica reveals innovation in non-coding sequences p167
The genome of the grey short-tailed opossum Monodelphis domestica has been sequenced and analyzed, giving a first peek at a marsupial's genetic code. Of particular interest are the genetics of the immune system, which has been studied as a model for humans, and of the X chromosome for historical reasons.
Tarjei S. Mikkelsen et al.
10.1038/nature05805
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Recovery of learning and memory is associated with chromatin remodelling p178
In transgenic mice with temporally and spatially restricted neurodegeneration, fear memories formed before induction of neuronal loss can be restored by environmental enrichment, even though the degeneration does not recover. Histone deacetylase inhibitors mimic the effects of environmental enrichment.
Andre Fischer et al.
10.1038/nature05772
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Sweatt

Letters

Top

A map of the day–night contrast of the extrasolar planet HD 189733b p183
Heather A. Knutson et al.
10.1038/nature05782
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Burrows

Superconductivity in lithium below 0.4 millikelvin at ambient pressure p187
Elements in the alkali metal series are regarded as unlikely superconductors because of their monovalent character. This paper reports that lithium (the lightest alkali element) is a superconductor at ambient pressure with a transition temperature of 0.4 mK.
Juha Tuoriniemi et al.
10.1038/nature05820
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Chiral magnetic order at surfaces driven by inversion asymmetry p190
Spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy, where a magnetized tip probes the surface, is used to study an atomic layer of manganese. Magnetic order with a specific chirality is observed; a 'left-rotating' spin spiral structure with a period of about 12 nm. The findings confirm the significance of homochirality for nanoscale magnets, which could play a role in the design novel spintronic devices.
M. Bode et al.
10.1038/nature05802
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Pfleiderer Rößler

Short-circuiting of the overturning circulation in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current p194
A natural tracer-release experiment (an injection of helium by submarine volcanoes into the current that flows around Antarctica) is used to measure the rates of mixing and upwelling in the southwest Atlantic sector of the current. Results indicate that the rough topography of the ocean floor in this region leads to both rapid mixing across density surfaces and rapid upwelling along density surfaces, which together create a 'short circuit' in the global oceanic overturning circulation.
Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, David P. Stevens, Andrew J. Watson and Wolfgang Roether
10.1038/nature05832
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

The depth distribution of azimuthal anisotropy in the continental upper mantle p198
Evidence for the presence of two layers of anisotropy with different orientations in the North American upper mantle is presented. At asthenospheric depths, the fast axis is sub-parallel to the plate motion, confirming the presence of shear related to current tectonic processes, whereas within the lithosphere, the orientation is significantly different, indicating that anisotropy at these shallower depths was 'frozen-in' long ago.
Federica Marone and Barbara Romanowicz
10.1038/nature05742
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF

Sexual dimorphism and adaptive radiation in Anolis lizards p202
Sexual dimorphism has not been integrated into studies of adaptive radiation, despite the potential for the two sexes to occupy different niches. This paper reports that sexual differences contribute substantially to the ecomorphological diversity produced by the adaptive radiations of West Indian anolis lizards.
Marguerite A. Butler, Stanley A. Sawyer and Jonathan B. Losos
10.1038/nature05774
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Image statistics and the perception of surface qualities p206
Isamu Motoyoshi, Shin'ya Nishida, Lavanya Sharan and Edward H. Adelson
10.1038/nature05724
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Landy

Maintaining a behaviour polymorphism by frequency-dependent selection on a single gene p210
Mark J. Fitzpatrick, Elah Feder, Locke Rowe and Marla B. Sokolowski
10.1038/nature05764
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

A chromatin link that couples cell division to root epidermis patterning in Arabidopsis p213
In the root epidermis of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the hair/non-hair progenitor cells are specified depending on the GL2 homoebox gene expression. The GEM (GL2-expression modulator), a novel component of the pathway that controls both cell division potential and expression of patterning genes by regulating their epigenetic status, is identified.
Elena Caro, M. Mar Castellano and Crisanto Gutierrez
10.1038/nature05763
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The carboxy terminus of NBS1 is required for induction of apoptosis by the MRE11 complex p218
Although the C-terminal domain of the protein Nbs1 is required for interaction with ATM, it is unexpectedly not required for most downstream ATM-dependent damage repair events. Instead, the most notable effect seen when this interaction domain is absent is loss of the ability of ATM to induce apoptosis.
Travis H. Stracker et al.
10.1038/nature05740
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF

The human RNA kinase hClp1 is active on 3′ transfer RNA exons and short interfering RNAs p222
During tRNA splicing, the 5' end of the 3' exon must be phosphorylated for subsequent ligation of the two exons to occur. The kinase which performs this reaction, human Clp1, is identified, is also able to phosphorylate exogenously introduced siRNAs.
Stefan Weitzer and Javier Martinez
10.1038/nature05777
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: News and Views by Trotta

Naturejobs

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Prospect
Writing has a crucial role in many different scientific pursuits p227
Paul Smaglik
10.1038/nj7141-227a
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Pier Paolo Pandolfi, Director, Cancer Genetics Programme, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University p228
Cancer geneticist leaves Sloan Kettering for Harvard
Virginia Gewin
10.1038/nj7141-228a
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Earth network p228
Young scientists come together to tackle the complexities of climate change
Marko Scholze
10.1038/nj7141-228b
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Worst and best of times p228
Starting a completely new project has been just as daunting as I'd expected
Chris Rowan
10.1038/nj7141-228c
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Recruiters
The evolution of life-sciences sales p230
In the age of e-commerce, sales reps must give more than just information: they must be trusted advisers.
Tamara Zemlo
10.1038/nj7141-230a
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Advance Online Publication

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9 May 2007
ARTICLE
Prion recognition elements govern nucleation, strain specificity and species barriers
Peter M. Tessier & Susan Lindquist
doi:10.1038/nature05848
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

LETTERS
Redox-mediated substrate recognition by Sdp1 defines a new group of tyrosine phosphatases
G. C. Fox et al.
doi:10.1038/nature05804
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

The hottest planet
Joseph Harrington, Statia Luszcz, Sara Seager, Drake Deming & L. Jeremy Richardson
doi:10.1038/nature05863
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

Disulphide-isomerase-enabled shedding of tumour-associated NKG2D ligands
Brett K. Kaiser et al.
doi:10.1038/nature05768
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation
Manuel Théry, Andrea Jiménez-Dalmaroni, Victor Racine, Michel Bornens & Frank Jülicher
doi:10.1038/nature05786
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

7 May 2007
LETTERS
Energy-dependent regulation of cell structure by AMP-activated protein kinase
Jun Hee Lee et al.
doi:10.1038/nature05828
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

SUMOylation regulates kainate-receptor-mediated synaptic transmission
Stéphane Martin, Atsushi Nishimune, Jack R. Mellor & Jeremy M. Henley
doi:10.1038/nature05736
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information
See also: News and Views by Coussen & Choquet

NEWS AND VIEWS
Neuroscience: Wrestling with SUMO
Françoise Coussen & Daniel Choquet
doi:10.1038/nature05888
Full Text | PDF

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