Subject: Nature 19 July 2007 Volume 448 Number 7151, pp225-386

From: "Nature Alert"<[email-masked]>
Date: Wed, 18 Jul 2007 14:55:34 -0400 (EDT)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Volume 448 Number 7151 225-386

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Editorials
Research Highlights
News
News in Brief
Business
News Features
Correspondence
Books and Arts
Essay
News and Views
Insight
Articles
Letters
Naturejobs
Futures

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Editorials

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A unifying force p225
The questions to be explored at the Large Hadron Collider offer a chance to rekindle public interest in the fundamental principles of the Universe in which we live.
doi:10.1038/448225a
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Transmission lines p225
Field trials of AIDS prevention methods are as essential as they are politically awkward.
doi:10.1038/448225b
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Dedicated to science p226
Hands off the Commons Select Committee on Science and Technology.
doi:10.1038/448226a
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Research Highlights

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Research highlights p228
doi:10.1038/448228a
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News

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High noon in Libya p230
This week sees yet another crisis point in the Libyan case of six foreign health professionals sentenced to death on charges of injecting hundreds of children with HIV. Declan Butler traces the efforts of scientists to help establish the truth.
Declan Butler
doi:10.1038/448230a
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Deep science strikes gold after latest site is named p232
Underground research finds home in US mine.
Geoff Brumfiel
doi:10.1038/448232a
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Russia pins its hopes on 'nano' p233
Parliament approves nanotechnology initiative.
Quirin Schiermeier
doi:10.1038/448233a
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Sidelines p234
doi:10.1038/448234a
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US proposal for carbon cuts offers compromise p234
Climate legislation makes headway in Congress.
Ewen Callaway
doi:10.1038/448234b
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Get practical, urge climatologists p234
Modellers call for better information for policy-makers.
Quirin Schiermeier
doi:10.1038/448234c
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Snapshot: Seeing red p236
The sky captured in infrared.
David Cyranoski
doi:10.1038/448236a
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Science watchdog baulks at merger p236
UK committee fears its days are numbered.
Michael Hopkin
doi:10.1038/448236b
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News in Brief

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News in brief p237
doi:10.1038/448237a
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Business

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Patent examiners call in the jury p239
The US Patent and Trade Office has cracked open the door on its normally closed patent evaluation process. Heidi Ledford looks at how its peer-review project is faring.
doi:10.1038/448239a
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News Features

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Unseen Universe: Welcome to the dark side p240
Physicists say that 96% of the Universe is unseen, and appeal to the ideas of 'dark matter' and 'dark energy' to make up the difference. In the first of two articles, Jenny Hogan reports that attempts to identify the mysterious dark matter are on the verge of success. In the second, Geoff Brumfiel asks why dark energy, hailed as a breakthrough when discovered a decade ago, is proving more frustrating than ever to the scientists who study it.
doi:10.1038/448240a
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See also: Editor's summary

Unseen Universe: A constant problem p245
Why is dark energy, hailed as a breakthrough when discovered a decade ago, proving so frustrating to the scientists who study it?
doi:10.1038/448245a
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See also: Editor's summary

Correspondence

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Race: talented minorities face a 'revolving door' p250
Ben Barres
doi:10.1038/448250a
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Race and tenure case was not handled fairly by MIT p250
James Sherley
doi:10.1038/448250b
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Foundation active in fight to cure Huntington's p250
Nancy Wexler and Carl Johnson
doi:10.1038/448250c
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Friendly clarification from City of Brotherly Love p250
Douglas J. Jerolmack
doi:10.1038/448250d
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Animal welfare is not just another bureaucratic hoop p251
L. Bergmeier
doi:10.1038/448251a
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Animal welfare: reporting details is good science p251
C. M. Sherwin
doi:10.1038/448251b
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UNAIDS rejects claims of exaggeration and bias p251
Paul R. De Lay and Kevin M. De Cock
doi:10.1038/448251c
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Chinese recorded classical nova two millennia ago p251
Göran H. I. Johansson
doi:10.1038/448251d
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Books and Arts

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The case of creation p253
Last year's Dover trial resulted in intelligent design being removed from the science curriculum.
Kevin Padian reviews The Battle Over the Meaning of Everything: Evolution, Intelligent Design, and a School Board in Dover, PA by Gordy Slack
40 Days and 40 Nights: Darwin, Intelligent Design, God, OxyContin® and Other Oddities on Trial in Pennsylvania by Matthew Chapman and
Monkey Girl: Evolution, Education, Religion, and the Battle for America's Soul by Edward Humes
doi:10.1038/448253a
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A lone voice in the greenhouse p254
Robert J. Charlson reviews The Callendar Effect: The Life and Work of Guy Stewart Callendar (1898–1964), the Scientist who Established the Carbon Dioxide Theory of Climate Change by James Rodger Fleming
doi:10.1038/448254a
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Ripples in relativity p255
Clifford Will reviews Traveling at the Speed of Thought: Einstein and the Quest for Gravitational Waves by Daniel Kennefick
doi:10.1038/448255a
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Science in culture: Beijing bubbles p256
The Olympic Aquatic Centre will be housed in a giant block of foam.
Philip Ball
doi:10.1038/448256a
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Essay

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Concept
Theoretical physics: Walk the Planck p257
Where relativity and quantum mechanics clash, new laws of physics should emerge.
Giovanni Amelino-Camelia
doi:10.1038/448257a
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See also: Editor's summary

News and Views

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Palaeogeography: Europe cut adrift p259
The floor of the English Channel provides evidence for two catastrophic floods arising from the drainage of huge glacial lakes in the area of the southern North Sea. These megafloods made Britain what it is today.
Philip Gibbard
doi:10.1038/448259a
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See also: Editor's summary

Stem cells: The magic brew p260
Researchers have engineered embryonic stem-like cells from normal mouse skin cells. If this method can be translated to humans, patient-specific stem cells could be made without the use of donated eggs or embryos.
Janet Rossant
doi:10.1038/448260a
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See also: Editor's summary

Quantum mechanics: Interference in the matter p262
Like any particle, electrons are also waves that can interfere with each other. Remarkably, this interference can even happen between electrons from different sources that have never physically interacted.
Markus Kindermann
doi:10.1038/448262a
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See also: Editor's summary

Neurobiology: New order for thought disorders p263
Can we really learn about complex human psychiatric disorders through genetic manipulations in mice? Yes, according to studies of how altering the gene encoding neuregulin 1 affects signalling in the mouse brain.
Lorna W. Role and David A. Talmage
doi:10.1038/448263a
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50 & 100 Years Ago p263
doi:10.1038/448263b
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Plant biology: Time for growth p265
Analyses of growth kinetics in seedlings reveal exquisite connections between the signalling pathways controlled by the circadian clock and by light, and illuminate the molecular mechanisms involved.
Ghislain Breton and Steve A. Kay
doi:10.1038/448265a
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Cell biology: Caught in the traffic p266
In mice, deletion of the Rab8 protein disrupts organized molecular distribution to membranes of intestinal epithelial cells. Death by starvation follows, exactly as it does in humans with microvillus inclusion disease.
Aparna Lakkaraju and Enrique Rodriguez-Boulan
doi:10.1038/448266a
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Obituary: F. Anthony Dahlen (1942–2007) p268
Pioneering and versatile theoretical geophysicist.
Guust Nolet
doi:10.1038/448268a
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Insight: The Large Hadron Collider SELECTED CONTENT FREE

The Large Hadron Collider p269
Alison Wright and Richard Webb
doi:10.1038/448269a
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The standard model of particle physics p270
doi:10.1038/nature06073
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The making of the standard model p271
Gerard 't Hooft
doi:10.1038/nature06074
Abstract | Full Text | PDF

High-energy colliders and the rise of the standard model p274
Terry Wyatt
doi:10.1038/nature06075
Abstract | Full Text | PDF

How the LHC came to be p281
Chris Llewellyn Smith
doi:10.1038/nature06076
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Building a behemoth p285
Oliver Brüning and Paul Collier
doi:10.1038/nature06077
Abstract | Full Text | PDF

Detector challenges at the LHC p290
Steinar Stapnes
doi:10.1038/nature06078
Abstract | Full Text | PDF

Beyond the standard model with the LHC p297
John Ellis
doi:10.1038/nature06079
Abstract | Full Text | PDF

The quest for the quark–gluon plasma p302
Peter Braun-Munzinger and Johanna Stachel
doi:10.1038/nature06080
Abstract | Full Text | PDF

The God particle et al. p310
Leon Lederman
doi:10.1038/nature06081
Abstract | Full Text | PDF

Articles

Top

Generation of germline-competent induced pluripotent stem cells p313
Four transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4 are known to convert fibroblasts to pluripotent stem cells, if Fbx15 expression is also selected. But the induced stem cells were shown to be distinct from normal embryonic stem cells. However, if cells expressing Nanog and Oct4 are selected, then the reprogrammed fibroblasts are similar to embryonic stem cells in both biological potency and epigenetic state.
Keisuke Okita, Tomoko Ichisaka and Shinya Yamanaka
doi:10.1038/nature05934
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Rossant

In vitro reprogramming of fibroblasts into a pluripotent ES-cell-like state p318
Four transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4 are known to convert fibroblasts to pluripotent stem cells, if Fbx15 expression is also selected. But the induced stem cells were shown to be distinct from normal embryonic stem cells. However, if cells expressing Nanog and Oct4 are selected, then the reprogrammed fibroblasts are similar to embryonic stem cells in both biological potency and epigenetic state.
Marius Wernig et al.
doi:10.1038/nature05944
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Rossant

Conformational entropy in molecular recognition by proteins p325
Changes in residual protein entropy are a potentially important component of the change in the free energy of protein association, but such thermodynamics have been virtually impossible to determine experimentally. Here the authors used solution NMR spectroscopy to show that the change in internal dynamics of calmodulin varies significantly on binding a variety of target domains, which indicates that changes in residual protein conformational entropy can contribute significantly to the free energy of protein-ligand association.
Kendra King Frederick, Michael S. Marlow, Kathleen G. Valentine and A. Joshua Wand
doi:10.1038/nature05959
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Letters

Top

The sources of sodium escaping from Io revealed by spectral high definition imaging p330
On Jupiter's moon Io, volcanic hot gases form an atmosphere that is then ionized and distributed around its orbit, forming a torus. Although it is known that the plasma leaks away, the leakage locations were unknown. Mendillo et al. report that sodium is ejected from the wake of the Io-torus interaction, together with a spherically symmetrical outflow region. The spatial extent of the ionospheric wake is more than twice that observed by the Galileo spacecraft, implying considerable variability.
Michael Mendillo et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06000
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Interference between two indistinguishable electrons from independent sources p333
Neder et al. experimentally demonstrate a fundamental effect: quantum interference between two particles that are indistinguishable and come from independent sources. This can only be observed by recording a joint probability of finding the particles in two detectors at separate places. Experiments with photons have not succeeded in observing the interference effect; here, instead, this experiment is carried out with electrons manipulated in an interferometer fabricated in a semiconductor two-dimensional electron gas.
I. Neder et al.
doi:10.1038/nature05955
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Kindermann

A reversible wet/dry adhesive inspired by mussels and geckos p338
Geckos use structures on the hairs of their feet to generate adhesive forces, enabling them to cling onto surfaces, and rapidly attach and detach. Messersmith et al. have combined this strategy of geckos with the chemical approach to underwater adhesion used by mussels. The resulting 'geckel' adhesive shows remarkable reversible adhesion over 1,000 cycles in both wet and dry conditions.
Haeshin Lee, Bruce P. Lee and Phillip B. Messersmith
doi:10.1038/nature05968
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Catastrophic flooding origin of shelf valley systems in the English Channel p342
A hypothesis for the permanent isolation of Britain from mainland Europe during interglacial high sea levels has been confirmed. Gupta et al. analysed a new regional bathymetric map of part of the area, finding a valley with landforms indicating large-scale subaerial erosion by high-magnitude water discharges. They suggest breaching of a rock dam at the Dover Strait instigated drainage of a large lake in the North Sea basin.
Sanjeev Gupta, Jenny S. Collier, Andy Palmer-Felgate and Graeme Potter
doi:10.1038/nature06018
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Gibbard

The effect of ancient population bottlenecks on human phenotypic variation p346
The proposed origin of modern humans has been controversial; whereas genetic analyses mostly support a single African origin, measurements of anatomy give mixed results. A new analysis of a large database of skull measurements by Manica and colleagues shows that 'distance from Africa' accounts for up to a quarter of heritable variation in craniometric traits, strongly indicating a common African heritage.
Andrea Manica, William Amos, François Balloux and Tsunehiko Hanihara
doi:10.1038/nature05951
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Positive darwinian selection at the imprinted MEDEA locus in plants p349
Gene regulation via genomic imprinting is found in both mammals and flowering plants, yet it remains unclear how new imprinted loci evolve. In plants, the imprinted seed development gene MEDEA has been found to have arisen by gene duplication. Its paralogue, SWINGER, has retained the ancestral function, whereas MEDEA became imprinted and acquired new function by positive Darwinian selection.
Charles Spillane et al.
doi:10.1038/nature05984
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Variants conferring risk of atrial fibrillation on chromosome 4q25 p353
As the most common cardiac arrythmia, atrial fibrillation is of interest to physicians, and has recently been shown to have genetic components. Gudjbartsson et al. have conducted a genome-wide association scan in populations from around the globe, and find a strong link to a gene involved in early heart development. This gene, PITX2, could be a candidate for therapeutic intervention.
Daniel F. Gudbjartsson et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06007
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Rhythmic growth explained by coincidence between internal and external cues p358
Circadian oscillations and light levels both affect plant growth; Maloof and colleagues now describe one mechanism by which the two pathways converge. Coordination between circadian control of transcription of two bHLH genes and light-dependent regulation of their proteins accounts for observed diurnal growth rhythms of Arabidopsis seedlings, providing an example of how coincidence between external and internal cues regulates function.
Kazunari Nozue et al.
doi:10.1038/nature05946
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: News and Views by Breton & Kay

Two distinct modes of guidance signalling during collective migration of border cells p362
During development and tumour metastasis, groups of cells can migrate together. Using border cell migration in Drosophila as a model, Rorth et al. show that cells move in two distinct phases by different mechanisms. To mediate these movements, information processing of signalling pathways occurs at the single-cell and the multicellular level.
Ambra Bianco et al.
doi:10.1038/nature05965
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

The Rab8 GTPase regulates apical protein localization in intestinal cells p366
Rab8 is a small GTP-binding protein thought to regulate basolateral transport in vitro. In this paper, Rab8 conditional knockout mice are used to show that Rab8 plays an important part in vivo in the maintenance of the apical surface of intestinal cells; the mice eventually starve owing to poor absorption of food.
Takashi Sato et al.
doi:10.1038/nature05929
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: News and Views by Lakkaraju & Rodriguez-Boulan

A bacterial E3 ubiquitin ligase targets a host protein kinase to disrupt plant immunity p370
Pseudomonas syringae translocates many effectors into the plant host cell on infection, one of which is AvrPtoB. This E3 ubiquitin ligase has now been demonstrated to specifically modulate the host kinase Fen, which is involved in plant resistance.
Tracy R. Rosebrock et al.
doi:10.1038/nature05966
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Delayed ageing through damage protection by the Arf/p53 pathway p375
Ander Matheu et al.
doi:10.1038/nature05949
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Naturejobs

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Prospect  p381
Funding models can push the envelope, but at what cost?
Gene Russo
doi:10.1038/nj7151-381a
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Special Report
Wise council p382
Cooperation and small group size make the UK Medical Research Council's institutes a success.
Jill U. Adams
doi:10.1038/nj7151-382a
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Robert Sterner, director, Division of Environmental Biology, National Science Foundation, Washington DC p384
New environmental-biology head at National Science Foundation.
Virginia Gewin
doi:10.1038/nj7151-384a
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Fountain of funding for youth p384
California Institute for Regenerative Medicine offers start-up grants for young scientists.
Monya Baker
doi:10.1038/nj7151-384b
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Vision p384
It's important to periodically reflect and refocus.
Maria Thelma
doi:10.1038/nj7151-384c
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Futures

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Modern mating p386
Match point.
John Zakour
doi:10.1038/448386a
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Advance Online Publication

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18 July 2007
ARTICLES
The JAZ family of repressors is the missing link in jasmonate signalling
A. Chini et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06006
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

Structural insight into filament formation by mammalian septins
Minhajuddin Sirajuddin et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06052
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

JAZ repressor proteins are targets of the SCFCOI1 complex during jasmonate signalling
Bryan Thines et al.
doi:10.1038/nature05960
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

LETTER
Common effector processing mediates cell-specific responses to stimuli
Kathryn Miller-Jensen, Kevin A. Janes, Joan S. Brugge & Douglas A. Lauffenburger
doi:10.1038/nature06001
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

15 July 2007
LETTERS
Crystal structure of a human membrane protein involved in cysteinyl leukotriene biosynthesis
Hideo Ago et al.
doi:10.1038/nature05936
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

A genome-wide association study identifies KIAA0350 as a type 1 diabetes gene
Hakon Hakonarson et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06010
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

Morphological evolution through multiple cis-regulatory mutations at a single gene
Alistair P. McGregor et al.
doi:10.1038/nature05988
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

Structural basis for synthesis of inflammatory mediators by human leukotriene C4 synthase
Daniel Martinez Molina et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06009
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

Electronic spin transport and spin precession in single graphene layers at room temperature
Nikolaos Tombros, Csaba Jozsa, Mihaita Popinciuc, Harry T. Jonkman & Bart J. van Wees
doi:10.1038/nature06037
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

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October 14-16, 2007 * Capri, Italy

This Capri Science Conference will focus on new genetic and molecular mechanisms that underlie cardiovascular disease, as well as on new diagnostic tools and innovative therapies.
To register and for more information visit: www.nature.com/natureconferences/csc/cardio

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