Subject: Nature 17 May 2007 Volume 447 Number 7142, pp231-352

From: "Nature Alert"<[email-masked]>
Date: Wed, 16 May 2007 14:26:11 -0400 (EDT)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Volume 447 Number 7142 pp 231 - 352

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In this issue
Editorials
Research Highlights
News
Business
News Features
Correspondence
Books and Arts
News and Views
Review
Article
Letters
Addendum
Corrigendum

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Editor's summary
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Editorials

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Never had it so good? p231
The Blair–Brown era has been a golden one for British science.
10.1038/447231a
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Health cheques p231
Philanthropy offers a valuable approach to funding.
10.1038/447231b
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See also: Editor's summary

Blurred vision p232
In the end, the European Institute of Technology will not be worthy of its title.
10.1038/447232a
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Research Highlights

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Research highlights p234
10.1038/447234a
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News

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United Nations shelves action on indoor hazards p236
Deadlock over plans to combat domestic pollution.
Narelle Towie
10.1038/447236a
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Modellers seek reason for low retraction rates p236
How scientific literature is shaped by withdrawn manuscripts.
Declan Butler and Jenny Hogan
10.1038/447236b
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Purdue dogged by misconduct claims p238
Third inquiry into bubble fusion is underway.
Eugenie Samuel Reich
10.1038/447238a
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India struggles to find director for top research agency p238
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research remains adrift.
K. S. Jayaraman
10.1038/447238b
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Anger at 'unfit' museum design p239
Concern mounts for natural history specimens.
Michael Hopkin
10.1038/447239a
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Rules tightened for aboriginal studies p241
Health research guidelines drawn up for indigenous Canadians.
Hannah Hoag
10.1038/447241a
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Canadian government pushed to protect land p241
Researchers call for action to save wetlands.
Erika Check
10.1038/447241b
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Sidelines p242
10.1038/447242a
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Applicants challenge male order at Howard Hughes p242
Institute's restrictions can make it hard for women to succeed.
Heidi Ledford
10.1038/447242b
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Time runs short for HapMap p242
Geneticists celebrate success - and look to the future.
Erika Check
10.1038/447242c
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Business

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Digging deep p246
Long dismissed as too expensive or impractical, mining the sea floor for metals is gaining a new foothold. Mark Schrope reports on two companies hoping to take the plunge.
10.1038/447246a
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In brief p247
10.1038/447247a
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Market watch p247
10.1038/447247b
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News Features

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Biomedical philanthropy: State of the donation p248
Wealthy philanthropists and private foundations are supporting biomedical research on a grand scale. Meredith Wadman asks what they get for their money.
10.1038/447248a
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See also: Editor's summary

Biomedical philanthropy: The money tree p251
Donations from philanthropists and private foundations are increasingly finding their way into biomedical research. Lucy Odling-Smee takes a look at some of the richest and most influential funders.
10.1038/447251a
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See also: Editor's summary

Biomedical philanthropy: Love or money p252
Biomedical scientists want funding; private foundations want cures. Erika Check hears the joys and tensions that arise when the two hook up.
10.1038/447252a
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See also: Editor's summary

Biomedical philanthropy: The giving machine p254
Flush with Microsoft's fortune, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation is the largest charitable foundation in the United States. Tadataka Yamada, executive director of its Global Health Program, tells Lucy Odling-Smee how the organization aims to save lives with its wealth.
10.1038/447254a
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Archaeology: Blast in the past? p256
A controversial new idea suggests that a big space rock exploded on or above North America at the end of the last ice age. Rex Dalton reports.
10.1038/447256a
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Correspondence

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Expand free journal project so poor countries can share their valuable climate data p259
Julian Hunt
10.1038/447259a
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Animal-welfare section in papers would be a burden p259
C. Jimenez
10.1038/447259b
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Recognition could support a science code of conduct p259
Yan Ropert-Coudert
10.1038/447259c
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Ground-breaking stem-cell work has been reproduced p259
Angelo L. Vescovi, Brent A. Reynolds, Rodney L. Rietze and Christopher Bjornson
10.1038/447259d
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Books and Arts

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The search for novelty p261
Evo-devo is not the first attempt to understand how evolutionary innovations arise.
Wallace Arthur reviews From Embryology to Evo-Devo: A History of Developmental Evolution
10.1038/447261a
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A singular view of ageing p262
Linda Partridge reviews Aging of the Genome: The Dual Role of DNA in Life and Death by Jan Vijg
10.1038/447262a
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Exhibition: A painful pleasure p262
Stefan Klein reviews The Crucifixion triptych by Francis Bacon
10.1038/447262b
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See also: Editor's summary

Film: An unfamiliar face p263
Emma Marris reviews In Vivid Detail
10.1038/447263a
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News and Views

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Regenerative biology: New hair from healing wounds p265
In mammals, most wounds heal by repair, not regeneration. It now seems that, as they heal, open skin wounds in adult mice form new hair follicles that follow similar developmental paths to those of embryos.
Cheng-Ming Chuong
10.1038/447265a
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See also: Editor's summary

Optics: Beyond diffraction p266
A material with a cunningly designed optical response overcomes a fundamental limit to image resolution. This 'hyperlens' produces magnified images of objects smaller than the wavelength of the imaging light.
Evgenii E. Narimanov and Vladimir M. Shalaev
10.1038/447266a
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Economic ecology: In the market for minke whales p267
The capture–recapture technique is a mainstay of ecology. This principle has been applied with individual genotyping to estimate how many accidentally killed minke whales reach the markets of South Korea.
Stephen R. Palumbi
10.1038/447267a
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Spintronics: Silicon twists p268
For decades, silicon has been the dominant material for conventional, charge-based electronics. A new twist makes silicon ripe to enter the domain of spintronics, where the new currency is electron spin.
Igor Žutić and Jaroslav Fabian
10.1038/447269a
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See also: Editor's summary

Neuroscience: Wrestling with SUMO p271
The process of SUMOylation affects various cellular events by modifying the proteins involved. In neurons, it controls receptor numbers on the cell surface, thereby regulating neuronal communication.
Françoise Coussen and Daniel Choquet
10.1038/nature05888
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See also: Editor's summary

Organic chemistry: Molecular cross-talk p273
There is a long way to go before artificial enzymes can reproduce the functions of the real things. The advent of systems that generate and respond to signals may bring that ideal a step closer.
Alexander Greer
10.1038/447273a
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50 & 100 Years Ago p274
10.1038/447274a
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Plant development: Parental conflict overcome p275
In flowering plants, viable seeds result even without two of the mechanisms that normally operate during embryogenesis. This finding illuminates the interplay of male and female factors in the process.
Nir Ohad
10.1038/447275a
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See also: Editor's summary

Genetics: Run, whippet, run p275
Sadaf Shadan
10.1038/447275b
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Planetary science: Cracks under stress p276
Two modelling studies provide complementary descriptions of how gravitational forces might help to form the plumes of water vapour that spout from cracks in Enceladus, one of Saturn's icy moons.
Andrew J. Dombard
10.1038/447276a
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See also: Editor's summary

Review

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Origins of major human infectious diseases p279
Nathan D. Wolfe, Claire Panosian Dunavan and Jared Diamond
10.1038/nature05775
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See also: Editor's summary

Article

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A type III effector ADP-ribosylates RNA-binding proteins and quells plant immunity p284
Pseudomonas syringae uses a type 3 secretion system to inject proteins into the plant host cell to cause disease. The effect of one such protein on host cell function is now revealed: HopU1 is a ADP ribosyltransferase targeting the plant protein AtGRP7, which is involved in plant immunity.
Zheng Qing Fu et al.
10.1038/nature05737
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
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Letters

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Shear heating as the origin of the plumes and heat flux on Enceladus p289
Enceladus, a small icy satellite of Saturn, has active plumes jetting from localized fractures (‘tiger stripes’) within an area of high heat flux near the south pole. Nimmo et al. show that the most likely explanation is shear heating by tidally driven lateral (strike-slip) fault motion with a displacement of about 0.5 metres over a tidal period: vapour produced by this heating may escape as plumes through cracks reopened by the tidal stresses.
F. Nimmo, J. R. Spencer, R. T. Pappalardo and M. E. Mullen
10.1038/nature05783
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Dombard

Eruptions arising from tidally controlled periodic openings of rifts on Enceladus p292
Plumes of gas have been seen near the south polar region of Enceladus, a small icy satellite of Saturn, and observations revealed large rifts in the crust, informally called ‘tiger stripes’. Hurford et al. report that during each orbit, every portion of each tiger stripe rift spends about half the time in tension, which allows the rift to open, exposing volatiles, and allowing eruptions: plume activity is expected to vary periodically.
T. A. Hurford et al.
10.1038/nature05821
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Dombard

Electronic measurement and control of spin transport in silicon p295
Coherent spin transport in silicon has remained elusive despite its theoretically very long spin lifetime, which would make it an ideal material for spintronics applications. Appelbaum et al. have designed a radical device that avoids previous experimental problems by using the principle of hot-electron filtering through ferromagnetic thin films for both spin-injection and detection, and succeed in demonstrating coherent spin transport across a silicon channel of 10 micrometres across.
Ian Appelbaum, Biqin Huang and Douwe J. Monsma
10.1038/nature05803
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Žutić Fabian

Annealing-induced interfacial toughening using a molecular nanolayer p299
High temperature processing and applications of self-assembled layers of short molecules on and between surfaces were thought to be limited owing to desorption and/or degradation of the molecules. Here Gandhi and colleagues demonstrate high levels of adhesion at an interface between copper and silica, through the high temperature processing of a self-assembled molecular nanolayer at the interface beyond the molecular desorption temperature: strengthening this particular interface is of practical importance in microelectronics, but the study also demonstrates the potential of high temperature processing and applications of such nanolayers at interfaces more generally.
Darshan D. Gandhi et al.
10.1038/nature05826
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Survival times of anomalous melt inclusions from element diffusion in olivine and chromite p303
Inclusions from melt trapped in early crystallizing phenocrysts can be used to infer the composition of partial melts at depth, and it has been assumed that incompatible elements in olivine- and chromite-hosted melt inclusions are chemically isolated. Spandler and co-authors now show that this is not so: the fluxes of rare-earth elements through olivine and chromite are sufficiently rapid at magmatic temperatures to re-equilibrate completely over time periods that are short compared to those estimated for the production and ascent of mantle-derived magma.
C. Spandler, H. St C. O’Neill and V. S. Kamenetsky
10.1038/nature05759
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

First insights into the biodiversity and biogeography of the Southern Ocean deep sea p307
Three sampling expeditions of the Southern Ocean provide the first description of its tremendous biodiversity, including 585 isopod species new to science, and clarifies patterns of species dispersion. Previously this ocean was not thought to be particularly rich.
Angelika Brandt et al.
10.1038/nature05827
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
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Bypassing genomic imprinting allows seed development p312
Contributions from both parents are usually needed to produce viable offspring, in plants as well as animals. Nowack et al. explore the pathways controlling this process in plants by producing seeds containing only maternal endosperm— only possible when certain FIS class mutations are present in the maternal line — that grow into viable but smaller plants.
Moritz K. Nowack et al.
10.1038/nature05770
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Ohad

Wnt-dependent de novo hair follicle regeneration in adult mouse skin after wounding p316
The mammalian hair follicle was thought to form only during development, so loss of an adult follicle was considered permanent. Here Cotsarelis and colleagues solve a fifty-year-old debate, and show that wounding the skin of adult mice triggers de novo hair follicle regeneration.
Mayumi Ito et al.
10.1038/nature05766
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Chuong

SUMOylation regulates kainate-receptor-mediated synaptic transmission p321
Hooking proteins to SUMO moieties is known to regulate key functions in the cell’s nucleus. This paper shows, for the first time, that SUMO controls the turnover of a neurotransmitter receptor — the kainate receptor: this work suggests that SUMO may target numerous other proteins working at junctions between nerve cells, thus probably contributing to key brain functions.
Stéphane Martin, Atsushi Nishimune, Jack R. Mellor and Jeremy M. Henley
10.1038/nature05736
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Coussen Choquet

Herpesvirus latency confers symbiotic protection from bacterial infection p326
Barton et al. show that persisting infection with either gammaherpesvirus 68 or murine cytomegalovirus protects mice against subsequent bacterial infection. The authors argue that the co-evolution of mouse and virus provides a survival benefit not only to the virus but also to the host.
Erik S. Barton et al.
10.1038/nature05762
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Helicobacter pylori CagA targets PAR1/MARK kinase to disrupt epithelial cell polarity p330
CagA is the main virulence factor of Helicobacter pylori and is delivered directly by the bacterium into epithelial cells where it interferes with cell signalling. Here Hatekeyama and colleagues show that CagA binds to the polarity protein, PAR1, inhibiting its phosphorylation and disrupting epithelial cell polarity: this study provides the first molecular link between a human pathogen and the PAR cell polarity machinery.
Iraj Saadat et al.
10.1038/nature05765
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Alp7/TACC is a crucial target in Ran-GTPase-dependent spindle formation in fission yeast p334
In higher eukaryotes, during mitosis the nuclear transport system Ran organises spindle formation, but in yeast, such targets for Ran had not yet been identified. Here Sato and Toda show that in fission yeast, the microtubule-associated protein Alp7/TACC is a critical target for Ran and contributes to spindle formation.
Masamitsu Sato and Takashi Toda
10.1038/nature05773
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF

RNA-templated DNA repair p338
Although RNA is used to synthesize DNA by specialized enzymes such as reverse transcriptase and telomerase, it has never been shown to be used directly in DNA repair. Here Resnick and colleagues find that short RNA oligonucleotides which are complementary to the sequences at a DNA double-strand break can serve as a template for repair by the normal replicative DNA polymerases, suggesting that information contained in an RNA molecule could be transferred into the genome.
Francesca Storici et al.
10.1038/nature05720
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF

Structural basis for cofactor-independent dioxygenation in vancomycin biosynthesis p342
Here the authors report the X-ray structure of the vancomycin biosynthetic oxygenation enzyme DpgC — a key enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of an important class of antibiotics — complexed with a bound substrate mimic. The structure confirms the absence of cofactors in the active site, and electron density consistent with molecular oxygen is present adjacent to the site of oxidation on the substrate, shedding light on the detailed mechanism of cofactor-independent oxygenases.
Paul F. Widboom, Elisha N. Fielding, Ye Liu and Steven D. Bruner
10.1038/nature05702
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Addendum

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Specific killing of BRCA2-deficient tumours with inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase p346
Helen E. Bryant et al.
10.1038/nature05789
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Corrigendum

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Sheep don’t forget a face p346
Keith M. Kendrick et al.
10.1038/nature05882
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Naturejobs

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Prospect
Creating better lab websites gives potential collaborators and recruiters a clearer window into your world. p347
Paul Smaglik
10.1038/nj7142-347a
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Special Report
The global challenge p348
The international effort to address the health crisis in the developing world is providing a wealth of career opportunities. Virginia Gewin reports.
Virginia Gewin
10.1038/nj7142-348a
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Tsuyoshi Kimura, professor, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Japan p350
Seeking to teach, Bell Labs scientist Tuyoshi Kimura heads home.
Magdalena Wutte
10.1038/nj7142-350a
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Practical applications p350
How I found a way out of the academic career track.
Daniel Rizzuto
10.1038/nj7142-350b
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Collegial science p350
As a scientist, I crave collaboration.
Peter Jordan
10.1038/nj7142-350c
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Recruiters
The inside track from academia and industry: All things being equal p352
Germany now has a law to eliminate discrimination — but interpreting it is proving to be a challenge.
Jens-Peter Mayer
10.1038/nj7142-352a
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Advance Online Publication

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16 May 2007
ARTICLE
MicroRNA silencing through RISC recruitment of eIF6
Thimmaiah P. Chendrimada et al.
doi:10.1038/nature05841
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

LETTERS
West Nile virus emergence and large-scale declines of North American bird populations
Shannon L. LaDeau, A. Marm Kilpatrick & Peter P. Marra
doi:10.1038/nature05829
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information
See also: News and Views by Rahbek

8-oxo-guanine bypass by human DNA polymerases in the presence of auxiliary proteins
Giovanni Maga et al.
doi:10.1038/nature05843
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

Drosophila miR2 induces pseudo-polysomes and inhibits translation initiation
Rolf Thermann & Matthias W. Hentze
doi:10.1038/nature05878
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

NEWS AND VIEWS
Disease ecology: The silence of the robins
Carsten Rahbek
doi:10.1038/nature05889
First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

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| | PhD student | | Biochemistry| | | University of Marburg | | Marburg, Germany |
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| Post-doctoral fellow | | Pharmacology| | | Univ of WIsconsin | | Madison, WI 53792
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| Assistant / Associate Professor | | Immunology|Clinical Sciences| Experimental Medicine|Biological Sciences|Molecular Biology| | | Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation | | Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039
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| Deputy Executive Director to INCF central office in Stockholm | | Neuroscience| | | International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility | | Stockholm, Sweden
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