Subject: 14 September 2006 Volume 443 Number 7108, pp 121 - 244

From: "NatureAlert"<[email-masked]>
Date: Wed, 13 Sep 2006 16:44:16 -0400 (EDT)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Volume 443 Number 7108 pp121-244

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In this issue
Editorials
Research Highlights
News
Business
News Features
Correspondence
Books and Arts
News and Views
Brief Communications
Brief Communications Arising
Review
Articles
Letters
Naturejobs
Futures

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Editorials

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Whistleblowers in peril p121
The US Congress should reverse a pernicious removal of protection of federal employees.
10.1038/443121a
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Flickers of consciousness p121
Brain scans are forcing researchers to reconsider the state of outwardly unresponsive patients.
10.1038/443121b
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Resisting terrorism p122
Government agencies, stakeholders and fellow researchers need to support primate researchers.
10.1038/443122a
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Research Highlights

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Research highlights p124
10.1038/443124a
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Correction p125
10.1038/443125a
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News

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Neutrinos make a splash in Italy p126
Long-awaited experiment comes online.
Nicola Nosengo
10.1038/443126a
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Warning flag for ethics boards p127
Institutional review panels form wildly different judgements.
Jim Giles
10.1038/443127a
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Journey to the birth of the Universe p128
Record-breaking galaxy found.
Jenny Hogan
10.1038/443128a
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See also: Editor's summary

Biomedical research gets a fresh twist down on the farm p128
Lab for unconventional work opens its doors.
Gene Russo
10.1038/443128b
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Snapshot: Women at work p131
Alison Abbott
10.1038/443131a
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Extreme TB strain threatens HIV victims worldwide p131
South Africa outbreak may prove impossible to contain.
Emma Marris
10.1038/443131b
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Sidelines p132
10.1038/443132a
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'Vegetative' patient shows signs of conscious thought p132
Evidence of brain activity raises issues for neurologists.
Michael Hopkin
10.1038/443132b
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Business

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Nanotech's big issue p137
Lack of regulation and risk assessment could hamper the nanotechnology sector. Virginia Gewin reports.
10.1038/443137a
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News Features

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Ornithology: Digging for dodo p138
No one has seen a dodo in three and a half centuries, but that hasn't stopped the bizarre speculation about this extinct bird. Henry Nicholls investigates whether recent excavations in Mauritius could reveal the real creature.
10.1038/443138a
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See also: Editor's summary

Climate change: A cosmic connection p141
Physicists and climate scientists have long argued over whether changes to the Sun affect the Earth's climate? A cloud chamber could help clear up the dispute, reports Jeff Kanipe.
10.1038/443141a
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Correspondence

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Investigator-initiated trials are more impartial p144
Bradley C. Johnston and Sunita Vohra
10.1038/443144a
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Biochar trials aim to enrich soil for smallholders p144
William I. Woods, Newton P. S. Falcao and Wenceslau G. Teixeira
10.1038/443144b
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Biochar and biofuels for a brighter future p144
M. H. B. Hayes
10.1038/443144c
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Science networks spread throughout the Arab world p144
A. Abyad
10.1038/443144d
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Books and Arts

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Our place in the Multiverse p145
Was the appearance of a Universe that can support life inevitable?
Joseph Silk reviews Many Worlds In One by Alex Vilenkin
10.1038/443145a
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Back on track p146
Ann S. Masten reviews Out of the Woods: Tales of Resilient Teens by Stuart T. Hauser Joseph P. Allen Eve Golden
10.1038/443146a
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A mathematical tonic p147
Timothy Gowers reviews Dr Euler's Fabulous Formula: Cures Many Mathematical Ills by Paul Nahin
10.1038/443147a
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Correction p147
10.1038/443147b
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In Retrospect: A global vision p148
Alison Jolly reviews The Ecological Theatre and the Evolutionary Play by George Evelyn Hutchinson
10.1038/443148a
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See also: Editor's summary

News and Views

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Evolutionary biology: Human brain gene wins genome race p149
The differences in brain size and function that separate humans from other mammals must be reflected in our genomes. It seems that the non-coding 'dark matter' of genomes harbours most of these vital changes.
Chris P. Ponting and Gerton Lunter
10.1038/nature05154
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Crystallography: Solid oxygen takes shape p150
Oxygen crystallizes into a sequence of structures, starting as an insulator at low pressure and becoming a superconductor at high pressure. The elusive structure of an intermediate phase has now been determined.
Burkhard Militzer and Russell J. Hemley
10.1038/443150a
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Astronomy: Dawn after the dark age p151
The latest surveys provide evidence for one, maybe two, galaxies farther back in cosmic time than ever detected before. But does the fact that we don't see more mean these are the very first galaxies to be formed?
Richard McMahon
10.1038/443151a
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Cancer biology: Can less be more for p53? p153
The tumour-suppressor protein p53 is often mutated in cancer. But it seems that p53 deficiency is not all bad, and inhibiting this protein might mitigate toxic side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Anton Berns
10.1038/443153a
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Quantum physics: Observing and the observed p154
Quantum mechanics states that the measurement process can fundamentally alter what is being measured. This 'back-action' has been observed on the macroscopic scale mdash; in the vibrations of a tiny mechanical device.
Michael Roukes
10.1038/443154a
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50 & 100 years ago p156
10.1038/443156a
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Structural biology: The ins and outs of drug transport p156
Multidrug transporters provide cells with a defence against toxic chemicals, but they are also responsible for drug resistance. The structures of two such transporters reveal novel aspects of their mechanisms.
Shimon Schuldiner
10.1038/443156b
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Entomology: To catch a bee p158
Helen Dell
10.1038/443155a
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Obituary: James A. Van Allen (1914-2006) p158
Magnetospheric and space physicist, discoverer of the eponymous belts.
Donald A. Gurnett
10.1038/443158a
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Brief Communications

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Tumour biology: Policing of oncogene activity by p53 p159
Oncogenes, rather than DNA damage, may provide the key signal to p53 to trigger tumour suppression.
Alejo Efeyan et al.
10.1038/443159a
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Brief Communications Arising

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Archaeology: Progress and pitfalls in radiocarbon dating pE3
Chris S. M. Turney, Richard G. Roberts and Zenobia Jacobs
10.1038/nature05214
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Archaeology: Progress and pitfalls in radiocarbon dating (Reply) pE4
Paul Mellars
10.1038/nature05215
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF

Review

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Variations in solar luminosity and their effect on the Earth's climate p161
P. Foukal, C. Frohlich, H. Spruit and T. M. L. Wigley
10.1038/nature05072
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Articles

Top

An RNA gene expressed during cortical development evolved rapidly in humans p167
One of the most rapidly evolving genomic regions in the human lineage corresponds to a previously unstudied RNA gene, called HAR1. Based on expression studies, it is likely that HAR1 likely plays an important role in brain biology.
Katherine S. Pollard et al.
10.1038/nature05113
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Ponting Lunter

Crystal structures of a multidrug transporter reveal a functionally rotating mechanism p173
Satoshi Murakami et al.
10.1038/nature05076
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Structure of a bacterial multidrug ABC transporter p180
Roger J. P. Dawson and Kaspar P. Locher
10.1038/nature05155
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Letters

Top

A galaxy at a redshift z = 6.96 p186
This paper reports a spectroscopic redshift of z=6.96, corresponding to just 750 million years after the Big Bang, for a galaxy whose spectrum clearly shows Lyman-alpha emission at 9682 A.
Masanori Iye et al.
10.1038/nature05104
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Rapid evolution of the most luminous galaxies during the first 900 million years p189
The first 900 million years (Myr) to redshift z approximately 6 (the first seven per cent of the age of the Universe) remains largely unexplored for the formation of galaxies.
Rychard J. Bouwens and Garth D. Illingworth
10.1038/nature05156
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Cooling a nanomechanical resonator with quantum back-action p193
A. Naik et al.
10.1038/nature05027
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Oscillatory dependence of current-driven magnetic domain wall motion on current pulse length p197
Experiments show that domain walls in ferromagnetic wires can be moved on very short timescales, by applying nanosecond-long pulses, and also detail a so-called 'boomerang' effect, where the domain walls are driven out of their confining potential, in the opposite direction of the current pulse.
Luc Thomas et al.
10.1038/nature05093
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
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Observation of an O8 molecular lattice in the phase of solid oxygen p201
Lars F. Lundegaard et al.
10.1038/nature05174
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
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Land-atmosphere coupling and climate change in Europe p205
Sonia I. Seneviratne, Daniel Luthi, Michael Litschi and Christoph Schar
10.1038/nature05095
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
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The tumour suppressor Hippo acts with the NDR kinases in dendritic tiling and maintenance p210
Genetic and biochemical evidence details that the tumour supressor Hippo is an upstream regulator of the tumour suppressors Warts/Lats, and that loss of Warts/Lats leads to proper dendritic tiling.
Kazuo Emoto, Jay Z. Parrish, Lily Yeh Jan and Yuh-Nung Jan
10.1038/nature05090
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The pathological response to DNA damage does not contribute to p53-mediated tumour suppression p214
The p53 protein has a highly evolutionarily conserved role in metazoans as 'guardian of the genome', mediating cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to genotoxic injury.
M. A. Christophorou et al.
10.1038/nature05077
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF

Structure of the insulin receptor ectodomain reveals a folded-over conformation p218
The crystal structure of the entire ectodomain dimer of the insulin receptor A isoform details the domain arrangement and defines the two sites for insulin binding.
Neil M. McKern et al.
10.1038/nature05106
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
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Autophosphorylation at serine 1987 is dispensable for murine Atm activation in vivo p222
Manuela Pellegrini et al.
10.1038/nature05112
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Molecular identification of the CRAC channel by altered ion selectivity in a mutant of Orai p226
Andriy V. Yeromin et al.
10.1038/nature05108
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
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Orai1 is an essential pore subunit of the CRAC channel p230
Experimental results suggest an alternative mode for stimulation of Atm by double-strand breaks, in which Atm autophosphorylation at Ser 1987 (like trans-phosphorylation of downstream substrates) is a consequence rather than a cause of Atm activation.
Murali Prakriya et al.
10.1038/nature05122
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
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An intron with a constitutive transport element is retained in a Tap messenger RNA p234
This study identifies an mRNA encoding the host protein Tap that retains an intron when exported to the cytoplasm. A protein containing this intron is produced, although the function of this form isn't known. In a circular twist, the mechanism by which export of the intron occurs involves a CTE element in the mRNA, which binds the Tap protein.
Ying Li et al.
10.1038/nature05107
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF

Futures

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The trial of Jeremy Owens p244
The memory lingers on.
Peter Roberts
10.1038/443244a
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Naturejobs

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Prospect
Prospects p239
The anniversary of Hurricane Katrina reminds all scientists of a valuable lesson: be prepared.
Paul Smaglik
10.1038/nj7108-239a
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Postdocs and Students
Masters of efficiency p240
Personal problems can overwhelm an already stressful young research career, but sound strategies can help you stay the course, counsels Kendall Powell.
Kendall Powell
10.1038/nj7108-240a
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Careers and Recruitment
Richard Granger, director, Neukom Institute for Computational Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire p242
Richard Granger set to head up centre that combines his love of computers and neuroscience.
Virginia Gewin
10.1038/nj7108-242a
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Coming home p242
Returning home to Croatia to conduct science required persistence and patience.
Livia Puljak
10.1038/nj7108-242b
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Tables turned p242
Facing the reality of being a graduate-student supervisor.
Mhairi Dupré
10.1038/nj7108-242c
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Advance Online Publication

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13 September 2006
LETTERS
Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe
Clive Finlayson et al.
doi: 10.1038/nature05195
Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

Stoichiometry and turnover in single, functioning membrane protein complexes
Mark C. Leake et al.
doi: 10.1038/nature05135
Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

NEWS AND VIEWS
Palaeoanthropology: Return of the last Neanderthal
Eric Delson and Katerina Harvati
doi: 10.1038/nature05207
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

10 September 2006
LETTERS
The neurodegenerative disease protein aprataxin resolves abortive DNA ligation intermediates
Ivan Ahel et al.
doi: 10.1038/nature05164
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

Molecular architecture and assembly of the DDB1–CUL4A ubiquitin ligase machinery
Stephane Angers et al.
doi: 10.1038/nature05175
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

Prevalence of off-target effects in Drosophila RNA interference screens
Yong Ma et al.
doi: 10.1038/nature05179
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

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