Subject: 24 August 2006 Volume 442 Number 7105, pp 847 - 956

From: "NatureAlert"<[email-masked]>
Date: Wed, 23 Aug 2006 15:59:48 -0400 (EDT)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Volume 442 Number 7105 pp847-956

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In this issue
Editorials
Research Highlights
News
Business
News Features
Correspondence
Books and Arts
News and Views
Brief Communications
Brief Communications Arising
Article
Letters
Naturejobs
Futures

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Editor's summary
Authors
Podcast
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Editorials

Top

After Toronto p847
Effective AIDS prevention requires far better understanding of why existing strategies do not succeed.
10.1038/442847a
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State of readiness p847
The anniversary of Hurricane Katrina should remind scientists to keep disaster recovery plans in order.
10.1038/442847b
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Foo's paradise p848
In praise of chat.
10.1038/442848a
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Research Highlights

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Research highlights p850
10.1038/442850a
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News

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Light shed on battle against HIV p852
Simple strategy may give embattled cells a boost.
Erika Check
10.1038/442852a
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China set to make fusion history p853
Plasma physics comes under scrutiny in new breed of tokamak.
Ichiko Fuyuno
10.1038/442853a
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Oceans cool off in hottest years p854
Temperature drop puzzles climate researchers.
Quirin Schiermeier
10.1038/442854a
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Asteroid fly-by eludes study p855
Astronomers rue the one that got away.
Heidi Ledford
10.1038/442855a
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What happens after the water recedes? p856
New Orleans universities are still struggling to recover from the ravages of Hurricane Katrina. Heidi Ledford examines how researchers at one leading institution are coping.
10.1038/442856a
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Sidelines p858
10.1038/442858a
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Early embryos can yield stem cells... and survive p858
Could extraction technique resolve ethical problems?
Helen Pearson
10.1038/442858b
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Business

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Getting the right mix p860
Biotechnology companies come in many shapes and sizes, but, say two economists, the ones with the widest spread of skills in their teams stand the best chances of success. Aaron Bouchie reports.
10.1038/442860a
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In brief p861
10.1038/442861a
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Market watch p861
Colin Macilwain
10.1038/442861b
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News Features

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Appropriate technology: Make anything, anywhere p862
Can everyone use technology creatively? Engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology think so and have launched 'Fab Labs' around the world to prove it. Apoorva Mandavilli reports.
10.1038/442862a
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Neurodevelopment: How does the teenage brain work? p865
Changes in the structure of children's brains may account for some of the risky business of adolescence, Kendall Powell finds.
10.1038/442865a
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See also: Editor's summary

Correspondence

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Gender: missing the prizes that can inspire a career p868
Annette C. Dolphin
10.1038/442868a
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See also: Editor's summary

Gender: macho language and other deterrents p868
Molly Carnes
10.1038/442868b
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See also: Editor's summary

A positive definition of prokaryotes p868
William Martin and Eugene V. Koonin
10.1038/442868c
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Books and Arts

Top

Solving an age-old problem p869
Western governments need to rethink their approach to dealing with an ageing population.
John Grimley Evans reviews The Denial of Aging by Muriel R. Gillick
10.1038/442869a
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A walk in a quantum world p870
Michael Berry reviews Fantastic Realities: 49 Mind Journeys and a Trip to Stockholm by Frank Wilczek
10.1038/442870a
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From mysticism to medicine p871
Science and Technology in Medicine by Andras Gedeon
10.1038/442871a
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A blast from the past p871
Sandra Knapp reviews The Science of Describing: Natural History in Renaissance Europe by Brian W. Ogilvie
10.1038/442871b
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News and Views

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Earth Sciences: Signature required p873
Most geologists agree that Earth's atmosphere was oxygen-free until 2.4 billion years ago. But the latest sulphur-isotope measurements from sedimentary rocks suggest otherwise.
L. Paul Knauth
10.1038/442873a
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See also: Editor's summary

Cell biology: A licence for duplication p874
Genome stability in animal cells requires strict control over the numbers of the organelles called centrosomes. An attractive 'licensing' model now explains how centrosome duplication is restricted to just once per cell cycle.
Erich A. Nigg
10.1038/442874a
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See also: Editor's summary

50 & 100 years ago p875
10.1038/442875a
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Nuclear physics: Island ahoy! p876
Measurements of the energy levels of unstable superheavy nuclei are beginning to afford distant vistas of a promised land — 'the island of stability' beyond the bounds of the conventional periodic table.
Mark A. Stoyer
10.1038/442876a
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See also: Editor's summary

Biochemistry: Mussel muscle p877
Andrew Mitchinson
10.1038/442877b
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Physiology: Nitrate at the ion exchange p877
The distinction between CLC ion channels and ion exchangers has become blurred. The physiological role of CLC exchangers has been a mystery, but one function is evidently to concentrate nitrate in plant vacuoles.
Julian I. Schroeder
10.1038/nature04999
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Solid-state-chemistry: Framework for a molecular prison p878
A remarkable family of solids exists in which host compounds hold guest molecules captive in their rooms. The latest example has an unprecedented topology and opens up fresh avenues for investigation.
Michel Pouchard
10.1038/442878a
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Brief Communications

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Social evolution: Kin preference in a social microbe p881
Given the right circumstances, even an amoeba chooses to be altruistic towards its relatives.
Natasha J. Mehdiabadi et al.
10.1038/442881a
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Gene expression: Long-term gene silencing by RNAi p882
Nadine L. Vastenhouw et al.
10.1038/442882a
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Brief Communications Arising

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Protein evolution: Causes of trends in amino-acid gain and loss pE11
Laurence D. Hurst, Edward J. Feil and Eduardo P. C. Rocha
10.1038/nature05137
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Protein evolution: Causes of trends in amino-acid gain and loss (Reply) pE12
I. K. Jordan et al.
10.1038/nature05138
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Article

Top

RecA acts in trans to allow replication of damaged DNA by DNA polymerase V p883
Katharina Schlacher, Michael M. Cox, Roger Woodgate and Myron F. Goodman
10.1038/nature05042
Abstract | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Letters

Top

Suppression of star formation in early-type galaxies by feedback from supermassive black holes p888
Kevin Schawinski et al.
10.1038/nature04934
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Transient pulsed radio emission from a magnetar p892
The X-ray pulsar XTE J1810-197 emits bright, narrow, highly linearly polarized radio pulses, observed at every rotation, thereby establishing that magnetars can be radio pulsars.
Fernando Camilo et al.
10.1038/nature04986
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Nuclear isomers in superheavy elements as stepping stones towards the island of stability p896
Spectroscopic studies of the nobelium isotope 254No — the heaviest nucleus studied in this manner to date — details three excited structures, two of which are metastable, which should help to constrain nuclear models of the superheavy elements.
R.-D. Herzberg et al.
10.1038/nature05069
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Stoyer

Magnetic impurity formation in quantum point contacts p900
A mysterious step at 0.7G 0 — a so-called '0.7 anomaly' — in a quantum point contact experiment has been suggested to signify the presence of an intrinsic magnetic impurity (an electronic state with a spin-1/2 magnetic moment) at low electron densities. This idea receives strong support from new detailed calculations.
Tomaz Rejec and Yigal Meir
10.1038/nature05054
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Dependence of single-molecule junction conductance on molecular conformation p904
Latha Venkataraman et al.
10.1038/nature05037
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Sulphur isotope evidence for an oxic Archaean atmosphere p908
Rocks formed before 2.4 Gyr have not been found to contain a mass-independently fractionated sulphur isotopes (MIF-S) chemical signature. This suggests that either atmospheric oxygen levels fluctuated dramatically before 2.4 Gyr, or that MIF-S is not a reliable indictor of when atmospheric oxygen levels were low.
Hiroshi Ohmoto et al.
10.1038/nature05044
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Parochial altruism in humans p912
Punishment experiments with indigenous groups in Papua New Guinea demonstrate that altruistic norm compliance and norm enforcement are strongly influenced by favouritism within ethnic, racial, or language groups. The parochial patterns of human altruism constitute a challenge for existing evolutionary theories.
Helen Bernhard, Urs Fischbacher and Ernst Fehr
10.1038/nature04981
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Mutations in progranulin cause tau-negative frontotemporal dementia linked to chromosome 17 p916
One of two papers detailing that mutations in the gene progranulin, which is found near MAPT on chromosome 17, can cause frontotemporal dementia, a severe neurodegenerative disorder that can affect memory, personality and motor function. The progranulin gene encodes a secreted growth factor.
Matt Baker et al.
10.1038/nature05016
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Null mutations in progranulin cause ubiquitin-positive frontotemporal dementia linked to chromosome 17q21 p920
One of two papers detailing that mutations in the gene progranulin, which is found near MAPT on chromosome 17, can cause Frontotemporal dementia, a severe neurodegenerative disorder that can affect memory, personality and motor function. The progranulin gene encodes a secreted growth factor.
Marc Cruts et al.
10.1038/nature05017
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary

Highly ordered arrangement of single neurons in orientation pinwheels p925
In the cat visual cortex, orientation-selective neurons are arranged in characteristic patterns known as 'pinwheels'. In vivo, two-photon calcium imaging reveals the highly ordered arrangement at the level of single cells for this functional architecture — neurons selective to different orientations are strictly segregated, even at pinwheel centres.
Kenichi Ohki et al.
10.1038/nature05019
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NMDA-receptor-mediated, cell-specific integration of new neurons in adult dentate gyrus p929
Development of a new single-cell gene knockout technique shows how new neurons are selected for survival depending on their synaptic input. This provides a possible mechanism for the building of new neuronal circuits during learning and memory.
Ayumu Tashiro et al.
10.1038/nature05028
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See also: Editor's summary

The cells and logic for mammalian sour taste detection p934
Angela L. Huang et al.
10.1038/nature05084
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See also: Editor's summary

The nitrate/proton antiporter AtCLCa mediates nitrate accumulation in plant vacuoles p939
The function of the members of the chloride channel (CLC) protein family, which encode organellar proton chloride exchangers, remains to be fully elucidated. Arabidopsis thaliana CLCa, a member of this family, mediates specific nitrate accumulation into the plant vacuole through a NO3 -/H+ exchanger mechanism.
A. De Angeli et al.
10.1038/nature05013
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: News and Views by Schroeder

Signal sequence directs localized secretion of bacterial surface proteins p943
To ensure proper identification by the secretion machinery, surface and extracellular proteins contain specific signal sequences. This paper reveals that the information contained in these short tags can also be used to target proteins to specific locations within the bacterial cell.
Fredric Carlsson et al.
10.1038/nature05021
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Mechanism limiting centrosome duplication to once per cell cycle p947
Centrosome duplication needs to be tightly controlled to occur once and only once per cell cycle. The regulated timing of centriole disengagement in late mitosis is shown to allow one round of centrosome duplication in the next cycle.
Meng-Fu Bryan Tsou and Tim Stearns
10.1038/nature04985
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Nigg

Naturejobs

Top

Prospect
Prospects p953
US universities are working hard to boost enrolments from foreign graduate students.
Paul Smaglik
10.1038/nj7105-953a
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Futures

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Speak, geek p956
Every dog will have its day.
Eileen Gunn
10.1038/442956a
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Advance Online Publication

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23 August 2006
ARTICLES
Structure of eEF3 and the mechanism of transfer RNA release from the E-site
Christian B. F. Andersen et al.
doi: 10.1038/nature05126
Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

Karyopherin-mediated import of integral inner nuclear membrane proteins
Irina Klimanskaya et al.
doi: 10.1038/nature05075
Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

LETTERS
Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres
Mathias Pessiglione et al.
doi: 10.1038/nature05142
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

Potentiation of cortical inhibition by visual deprivation
Arianna Maffei et al.
doi: 10.1038/nature05079
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

Proteolytic turnover of the Gal4 transcription factor is not required for function in vivo
Kip Nalley et al.
doi: 10.1038/nature05067
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

Dopamine-dependent prediction errors underpin reward-seeking behaviour in humans
Mathias Pessiglione et al.
doi: 10.1038/nature05051
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

Dynamics of heat shock factor association with native gene loci in living cells
Jie Yao et al.
doi: 10.1038/nature05025
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

NEWS AND VIEWS
Cell biology: Taking a turn into the nucleus
Ulrike Kutay and Petra Mühlhäusser
doi: 10.1038/nature05173
Full Text | PDF

20 August 2006
ARTICLE
Mast cells are essential intermediaries in regulatory T-cell tolerance
Li-Fan Lu et al.
doi: 10.1038/nature05010
Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

LETTERS
PD-1 expression on HIV-specific T cells is associated with T-cell exhaustion and disease progression
Cheryl L. Day et al.
doi: 10.1038/nature05115
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

Orai1 is an essential pore subunit of the CRAC channel
Murali Prakriya et al.
doi: 10.1038/nature05122
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

Molecular identification of the CRAC channel by altered ion selectivity in a mutant of Orai
Andriy V. Yeromin et al.
doi: 10.1038/nature05108
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF | Supplementary information

NEWS AND VIEWS
Immunology: Protection and privilege
Herman Waldmann
doi: 10.1038/nature05165
Full Text | PDF

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